Valves, Pumps, and

Fans
 Objectives
• Basic construction and application of valves
used in the propulsion plant
• Operation and application of the different
pumps found in the propulsion plant
• Operation and application of centrifugal and
axial fans
 References
• INE, Chapter 28, pp. 477-501 ***
• PNE,
– Chapter 18, pp. 8-10 - 18-20 (10-15***)
– Chapter 19, pp. 19-1 - 19-19

• HW: None
Valves
 Valve Components
• Valve body
• Disc
• Seat
• Bonnet
 Valve Components
• Packing
• Packing gland/nut
• Stem
• Wheel/Operating mechanism
 Valve Types
• Globe valves
• Gate valves
• Ball valves
Stop Valves
• Butterfly valves
• Needle valves
• Swing and Lift Check Valves
• Stop Check Valves
Check Valves
• Relief Valve

Special-Purpose Valve
 Globe valves
• Globular shape of the valve body
• Excellent throttling characteristics
• Used in Steam, Air, Oil, and Water Systems
 Gate Valves
• Straight line flow of fluid
• Minimum flow restriction (little pressure
drop)
• Poor throttling characteristics (damage
valve)
 Ball Valves
• Ball used to start/stop flow of fluid (same function
as disk in globe valve)
• Hole through ball, so only needs to be turned 90
degrees to go full-shut to full-open
• Poor throttling characteristics
• Used in Seawater, Sanitary, Trim/Drain, Air,
Hydraulic, Oil Systems
 Butterfly valves
• Lightweight, Fast-acting
• Takes up less space, Inexpensive
• Handle needs to be operated 90 degrees to
fully shut/open valve
• Moderate throttling characteristics
 Needle Valves
• Type of globe valve
• Used for making relatively fine adjustments
• Long, tapering, needle-like point on the end
of the valve stem
• "Needle" acts as a disc
 Swing and Lift Check
Valves
• Check Valves
– Allow fluid flow in one direction
• Swing check valve
– Disc swings through an arc,
• Lift-check valve
– Disc moves up and down
 Stop Check Valves
• Internals similar to a globe valve
• Disc is not attached to the stem
• Valve stem - long enough to hold the disc
firmly against the seat
• Stem raised - the disc can be opened by
pressure on the inlet side
 Relief Valve
• Protects system from excessive pressure
• Normally shut, set to ‘lift’ or open at a set
pressure
• Relief setpoint determined by force of
spring keeping disk in place
 Valve Operating Devices

• Manual
• Hydraulic
• Motor (electric and air operated)
• Solenoid
Pumps
 Pump Terms

• Volumetric Flow Rate

• Pressure Head (flow work) P/ρ
• Velocity Head (kinetic energy) v2/2g
• Gravitational Head (potential energy) Z
• Frictional Head (energy converted to heat) HL
 Bernoulli’s Principle

• Energy in +Work in = Energy out + Work out

• (GH+PH+VH) in = (GH+PH+VH)out + HL

• Z1 + P1/ρ + (v1)2/2g = Z2 + P2/ρ + (v2)2/2g + hL

 Positive Displacement
Pump
• Fixed Volume for every pumping cycle
• Volumetric Flow rate is proportional to
speed
• Discharge rate is independent of outlet
pressure
• A relief valve will always be on the
discharge end of the pump
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S
Volumetric Flow Rate
(Positive Displacement Pump)
 Re cip ro cat ing Pum p
Charact e rist ic Curv e
N1 N2

PRESSU RE HEAD
( Hp = ft lbf/ lb m)

CAPACITY
( V= GPM)
Act ual
Ide al
 Non Positive
Displacement

• Centrifugal
• Propeller (not common)
• Jet Pumps
 Centrifugal
• Fluid enters the eye of the impeller
• Fluid accelerated by impeller
• Fluid discharged at high velocity into volute
• Fluid slows in volute or diffuser
• KE PE
Volumetric Flow Rate
(Centrifugal Pump)
 Net Positive Suction
Head
• NPSH
– Minimum pressure required at pump inlet to
prevent cavitation (damage, noise)
– Pressure at pump suction less than
saturation pressure
– Vapor formation - BAD!
 Pump Laws
Centrifugal Pumps
• First Law : maximum flow rate is
proportional to pump speed
• Second Law : maximum shut off head
increases with the square of pump speed
increase
• Third Law : The power required to run a
pump increases with the cube of speed
 Pump Characteristic
Curves
• Pump shut off head
• Max flow rate of a given pump
• Pump alone does not establish the
operating parameters of the pump
Single Centrifugal Pump
 . Whe re
V  N V = vo lumet ric flo w rat e
N = Spe e d o f ro tat io n
Hp  N 2 Hp= Pump He ad ( discharge pre ssure
Pw  N 3 Pw= Po w er re quire d ( prime mo ve r)

N2 = 2 N1

N2

Pre ssure
He ad

HP =
( ft lbf) / lbm N1

..
V = GPM

Charact e rist ic curv e fo r ce nt rifugal p um p

Centrifugal Pumps
in Parallel
Centrifugal Pumps
in Series
System Curve
Fans
 Fan Operation &
Application
• Axial
• Centrifugal
QUESTIONS