FACULTY OF INTEGRATED LIFE SCIENCES

Foundation In Science

2021/07
FIS 1074
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SYSTEM &
TECHNOLOGY
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.1 Communication

• Is the process of sharing data, programs and

information between two or more computers.
• Application – email, texting, videoconferencing, and
electronic commerce
• Connectivity – concept related to using computer
networks to link people and resources. You can link
or connect to large computers and the Internet,
providing access to information resources
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.2 Communication Systems

• Are the electronic systems that transmits data from one location to another.
• Every communication elements has four basic elements;

Sending and receiving devices,

Connection devices,
Data transmission specifications, and
communication channel
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.2 Communication Systems
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.2 Communication Systems

 Sending and receiving devices

These are often a computer or specialized communication device. They originate
(send) as well as accept (receive) messages in the form of data, information and or
instruction.

 Connection devices
Devices act as an interface between the sending and receiving devices and the
communication channel. They convert outgoing messages into packets that can
travel across the communication channel. They also reverse the process for
incoming messages.
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.2 Communication Systems

 Data transmission specifications,

These are rules and procedures that coordinate the sending and
receiving devices by precisely defining how the message will be sent
across the communication channel
 Communication channel
This is actual connecting or transmission medium that carries the
message. This medium can be a physical wire or cable, or it can be
wireless.
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.3 Communication Channels

Carries data from one computer to another.

PHYSICAL CONNECTIONS.

Twisted- Coaxial Fiber-Optic

pair cable Cable Cable
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.3 Communication Channels

Twisted- Coaxial Fiber-Optic

pair cable Cable Cable

Consists of pair of High-Frequency Transmits data as pulses of

copper wire that twisted transmission cable, light through tiny tubes of
together. replace the multiple glass.
Ex-Telephone lines, wires of telephone lines
Ethernet cables. with single solid copper It is lighter, faster, and more
core. reliable at transmitting data
Used to deliver
television signals
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.3 Communication Channels

WIRELESS CONNECTIONS
.
Does not use solid substance to connect devices.
Most use radio waves
Microwa
Wi-Fi ve
Blueto
oth
Infrared
Cellular Satellite
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.3 Communication Channels

 Bluetooth – transmits data over short distance, widely used for a variety of
wireless devices
 Wi-Fi – uses high frequency radio signals; most home and business wireless
networks use Wifi
 Microwave – line of sight communication; used to send data between buildings.
 Cellular – uses cell towers to send and receive data within relatively small
regions
 Satellite – uses microwave relay stations; GPS tracks geographic locations
 Infrared – uses light waves over a short distance.
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.4 Communication Devices

 Many communication systems use standard telephone lines and analog signals.
Computers use digital signals.
 To convert digital to analog or vice-versa you need MODEM.
 MODEM is short for MOdulator-DEModulator.
 Modulation – process of converting from digital to analog.
 Demodulation – process of converting from analog to digital.
 The higher the speed, the faster you can send and receive information.
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.4 Communication Devices

Three common used type of modem ; DSL, cable

and wireless
 DSL – (Digital subscriber line) modem uses standard phone lines to create a
.
high speed connection directly to your phone company’s offices. These devices
are usually external and connect to the system unit using either a USB or an
Ethernet port.
 Cable modem- Uses the same coaxial cable as television. Creates high –speed
connection.
 Wireless Modem – Most of the computer has nowadays. For those that do not,
wireless adapter cards are available that plug into USB or special card ports.
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.4 Communication Devices

Connection Service
 T1, T3(DS3) and OC (optical carrier) lines provide support for very high speed,
all digital transmission for large corporations.
 More affordable technology include;
 Dial-up
 Digital subscriber line
 Cable
 Fiber optic service
 Satellite
 Cellular Services, 4G , 3G, LTE (long term evolution)
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.5 Data transmission

 Bandwidth measures a communication channel’s width or capacity

(To transmit text docx, a slow bandwidth would be acceptable. A
video or audio needs a wider bandwidth)
 Protocols are rules for exchanging data
 Widely used Internet protocols include https and TCP/IP
 IP addresses are unique numeric Internet addresses.
 DNS (domain name server) converts text based address to numeric
IP.
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.6 Networks

 Computer networks- communication system that connects two or

more computers so that they can exchange information and share
resources.
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.6 Networks Terms

 Node : any device that is connected to a network. Could be

computer, printer, or any data storage device.
 Client : node that requests and uses resources available from other
nodes. Typically a client is a user’s personal computer.
 Server : node that shares resource with other nodes. They may be
called an application server, communication server, database
server, file server, printer server or web server.
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.6 Networks Terms

 Directory server : a specialized server that manages resource, such

as user account for an entire network
 Host : any computer system connected to a network that provides
access to its resources
 Router: node that forwards or routes data packets from one
network to their destination in another network.
 Switch: central node that coordinates the flow of data by sending
message directly between sender and receiver nodes.
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.7 Networks Types

 Network can be
PAN LANs
citywide or even
international, using both Home
wired and wireless
Networ MAN
ks
connections.
Notes-(Refer to the notes Wireles
given)
WAN s Lan
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.8 Network Architecture -Video will be played.

 How a network is arranged and how resources are coordinated and

shared .
 Topologies ; A network an be arranged or configured in several
different ways. This arrangement is called the network topology.
 Common topologies are ; BUS, RING, STAR, TREE.
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.8 Network Architecture

 Common topologies are ; TREE :

Connected to a central node, either
directly or through one or more other
devices. The central node is
connected to two or more subordinate
nodes that in turn are connected to
other subordinate nodes and forming
treelike. Often used to share
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.8 Network Architecture

 Common topologies are ; STAR :

connected directly to a central
network switch. Whenever a node
sends a message, it is routed to the
switch, which then passes the
message along to the intended
recipient. The star network is the
most widely used network topology
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.8 Network Architecture

 Common topologies are ;

RING : Each device is
connected to two other
device, forming ring. When a
message is sent, it is passed
around the ring until it
reaches the intended
destination.
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.8 Network Architecture

 Common topologies are ; BUS : Each device is connected to a

common cable called a bus / backbone, and all communications
travel along this bus.
 Unit 4 : Telecommunications and Network
4.9 Network Strategies

 Every network has strategy r way of sharing information and resources.

 Client/Server network : central computer coordinate and supply service
to other nodes based on specialization of nodes, widely used on the
Internet, able to handle very large networks efficiently, powerful
network management software available.
 Peer to peer network : nodes have equal authority and act as both clien
and server, widely used to share games, movies and music over the
Internet; easy to set up
End of Unit 4