Wind Power Technology &

Operation

Warsono, ST, SMn, Mphil, IPU

EVP RMT
 World Wind Map

Doldrums-Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) – no wind

 Wind Power Potential Map in Indonesia (1)

90 MW

5 MW
15 MW

60 MW

50 MW
50 MW

90 MW
60 MW
 Wind Power Potential Map in Indonesia (2)

50 MW

100 MW

10 MW

132 MW

15 MW

5 MW 50 MW
Wind Harnessing (Menjaring Angin)
P=dE/dt; E=1/2mv^2; m=ρ.(A.x);
v=dx/dt

wind wind

wind A wind

Rotor radius wind wind

Wind speed
vi x
vo
Technology
- Cp= Power Coefficient - typical
35%-45% ΔV  Electricity
- max 59%-Betz
Limit
Speed- Power Curve of Wind Power
 Feasibility of Wind Turbine
Speed (average > 5 m/s)
Characteristic of Wind
(sustainability, variability)

Kurva frekuensi Diurnal patterns (location) Diurnal Patterns (Seasional)

Wind Speed Classification
 Wind Direction
Optimal design Windrose
Wake Effect

Kurva frekuensi
Wind speed vsAltitude
Hellmann Equation:
KWh Wind Power Prediction
Cara menghitung:
1. Pada tiap kecepatan:
Waktu(jam)x Output (MW) = MWh
2. Jumlahkan semua Energi(MWh) pada semua
kecepatan.
Outline
Wind Power Trends
Harnessing Wind
Energy
Wind Turbine
Technology
Operational Issues
PLTB Sulawesi
Wind Turbine (WT) Technology : Size & Location

onshore wind
farm

- 8MW in Shantou Haojiang, China (2020)-12MW, Roterdam,

NL (prototype)- Floating Wind Power (potential)
 Offshore vsonshore Wind Power
offshore
Advantages :
wind
Advantages: onshore wind More energy generated
Less expensive More wind consistency 
Shorter cables Less visual impact
Quick installation Bigger turbines
Low impact on surroundings

Disadvantages : Disadvantages :
Varying wind speeds Higher cost
Potential wind blockages Maintenance & repairs
Visual and sound factors Less local jobs

- Floating Wind Power (potential)

 WT Technology : Components
12-15 rpm

1200-1500 rpm
WT Technology: Turbine Types
 Three Blade Wind Turbines
>90% modern WTG,
optimising:
Power output
Efficiency
Stability
Noise
Esthetic
Blade Technology
 Wake Effect of Wind Farm (1)

The air flow from one wind turbine to the nextbecomes reduced
& turbulent  Wake effect orArray-effect
Challenge for optimal layout of the wind farm
 Wake Effect of Wind Farm (2)

Wind direction Efficiency/Output Power

Control System of Wind Power
3

Aircraft vsWind Control (Movement)

WT Technology: Control
Control Matrix
Wind in daily life
 Yaw Control
Active Yaw (medium & large):
• Anemometer on nacelle
Connected to controller
• Yaw drive turns gears
Passive Yaw (small turbines):
• Wind forces alone direct rotor
• Tail vanes
• Downwind turbines
Pitch Control
Stall regulation (Fixed Pitch):
shaping the blades  less
aerodynamic force at high wind
speedstalling
Advantages:
Simple, Inexpensive, robust
Disadvantages
Less stable output
Lower efficiency
Pitch Control
Pitch regulation (Variable Pitch)
twist the blades around the axe
if wind increasesbladespitches to the
optimum angle maximum energy or self
protect (if needed)
Advantages:
More stable
More Efficient
Disadvantages
More complex
Higher cost
Pitch Control
Active Stall :
limited control of pitch
Performance between pitch and stall Control
WT Technology: Speed Control (1)
Variable vsFixed Speed
 Pitch & Speed Control Performance
Variable
Control Matrix
vsFixed Variable vsFixed Pitch
Speed

Control
Strategy
WT Technology: WTG Types
Type 1 or A: Fixed Speed
Type 2 or B: Limited Variable Speed
Type 3 or C: Variable Speed with Partial Converter
Type 4 or D: Full scale Converter
Types of Generators
Doubly Fed Induction Gen (DFIG),
Squirrel Cage Induction Gen (SCIG),
Wound Rotor Induction Gen (WRIG),
Permanent Magnet Synchr Gen (PMSG)
Type of Grid Connection:
Directly couple/ full converter / Partial Converter
WTG Type 1 (Fixed Speed)
Squirrel-cage Induction Generator (SCIG)
connected directly to system
Turbine speed is fixed (or nearly fixed)
Rotates slightly faster than grid frequency
creating a negative slip (positive slip
motoring).
WTG Type 2 (Limited Variable
Speed)
Wound rotor induction
generators (WIG) connected
directly to system, but include a
variable resistor in the rotor
The variable resistors control
the rotor currents  constant
power (during heavy wind)
WTG Type 3 (Variable Speed with
Partial Scale Converter)
Double Feed Induction
Generator (DFIG)
Back to back converter
(30% capacity)
Flexible speed (+ 30%
synchronous speed)
Control of active and
reactive powers
High efficiency
Very popular
Global Picture of Wind Energy
WTG Type 4(Variable Speed with
Full Scale Converter)
Great deal of flexibility in design
and operation
Optimal aerodynamic speed
Gearbox may be eliminated
Wide range of generator type
Reactive & Voltage Control Capability

Typical DFIG Capability Curve

 Connection to Grid

Connections options:
HV,MV, LV
Connection topologies of WT AC, DC
Top 10 Wind Turbine Manufacturers in the World
2020
2009
Isu Operasional
Balancing mechanism
Reserves (jangka pendek& jangka
panjang)
Power Quality
Fluktuasi beban transmisi
Regulasiprimer & sekunder
KebutuhanMVAR
Flexi-Gen, Storage,
Compensator, Demand Side
Mgmnt, Strong Interconnection
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Wind Power
PROs CONs

Green (low carbon)

Low emission & noise Variability/Intermittent
Sustainable Operational Drawback
High upfront capital investment
Free sources Visual impact
Reduce Oil May reduce the bird population
Small Footprint May take up a significant portion of
land
Low Opex May be a safety hazard
Mature technology
PLTB Tolo
PLTB ToloOutput (Jan-Mei 2021)
AKTUAL HARIAN RATA-RATA HARIAN
PERHITUNGAN ENERGI IPP PLTB BOLO (SESUAI PPA - APPENDIX G)
Perhitungan Realisasi
berdasardata angin BerdasarMeter
JUMLAH
PEM(Predictive EVENT &
DURASI
Energy Matrix) CURTAIL Energy kWh
Meter (EAm)
Legends:
:Data meter
DEEMED
DISPATCH
SELLER Force :Hasil hitungan
REALISASI ANGIN Majeure CREDIT
(Arah& Kecepatan)
CREDITS (DCM) +
PLN Grace
+ - Period Credits

-
PAEM(Predictive
Available Energy AAEM (Adjusted Available
Energy Monthly)
Monthly) Productivity
Prediksi energi berdasar data Realisasi energi berdasar data ENERGI
realisasi angin bln tsb meter + Curtail bln tsb FREE
107,5%
Productivity = AAE
AAEM/PAEM M
92.5
Akurasi PENALTY KE
%
IPP MAX 10%
PAEM
 PRODUKSI kWh PLTB TOLO
No
2019-2020
PERIODE Eam (kWh) CF (%) BPP (Rp/kWh)
BILLING 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021
1 Jan 10.523.002 14.603.754 16.565.267 23.57% 32,71% 37,11% 164,30 1.595,98 1.625,49
2 Feb 5.915.009 9.780.967 20.369.385 14.16% 23,42% 50,52% 165,87 1.442,58 1.677,24
3 Mar 9.137.857 6.340.998 8.405.049 20.47% 14,20% 18,83% 167,28 1.682,20 1.705,33
4 Apr 13.120.992 8.434.183 13.310.683 30.37% 19,52% 30,81% 167,44 1.552,38 1.665,46
5 Mei 19.741.004 22.799.841 44.22% 51,07% 1.416,32 1.486,29 -
6 Juni 28.120.944 32.781.404 37.11% 75,88% 2.721,46 1.531,91 -
7 Juli 38.195.546 38.207.328 82.26% 85,59% 1.765,64 1.533,32 -
8 Agst 36.874.634 37.196.960 72.65% 83,33% 1.793,22 1.655,94 -
9 Sept 37.608.525 36.372.120 90.85% 84,19% 1.695,34 1.559,05 -
10 Okt 26.368.071 21.298.144 69.91% 47,71% 1.654,20 1.435,97 -
11 Nov 6.809.346 14.057.941 18.19% 32,54% 1.648,10 1.248,95 -
12 Des 2.621.094 15.231.142 9.89% 34,12% 1.143,40 1.250,03 -

TOTAL 235.038.043 257.106.800 58.652.405 44.72% 48,78% 33,94% 1.495,46 1.514,36 1.610,18
Global Picture of Wind Energy
Large onshore wind farms

Gansu Wind Farm

The planned : 5,160 MW (2010), 12,710
MW (2015) & 20,000MW (2020)
Consist of +/- 7000 WTGs
Cost: $17.5bn
Market Support Mechanism
Feed-in-Tariff (FiT)
Production Tax Credit (PTC)
Green Certifications
Auctions/Tenders
Oil & Gas Sector Investment in RE
 Price Go Down

Parity

Typical capacity factors are 15–

Mexico (2017) : $17.70/MWhonshore wind price 50%
Saudi Arabia (2019): $19.90/MWh German (17.5%), Scotland (24%)