 To Detect Exudates, Microaneurysms,

haemorrhages and abnormal blood vessels from

low Contrast digital images of retinopathy
patients with non-dilated pupil and classify
them using a Supervised Learning method.
 Diabetic Retinopathy is a major cause of vision
loss for diabetic patients.
 Exudates are the primary sign of Diabetic

Retinopathy.
 Contrast Enhancement is done in the

Preprocessing stage.
 The Colour image is segmented using

K-Means Clustering Algorithm.

 Color and texture features are extracted.
 Supervised Learning Algorithm is applied for

Classification.
 To evaluate the performance,

Sensitivity
Specificity
Positive Predictive Value(PPV)
Positve Likelihood Ratio(PLR)
 SENSITIVITY = TP/(TP+FN)
 SPECIFICITY = TN/(TN+FP)
 PPV = TP/(TP+FP)
 PLR = SENSITIVITY/(1-SPECIFICITY)

 The result is compared with the other

Clustering Algorithms.
NORMAL IMAGE ABNORMAL IMAGE
 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

PRE-
FEATURE
PROCESSING SEGMENTATION
EXTRACTION

NON-DILATED
RETINAL IMAGE

EXUDATES

CLASSIFICATION

NON-EXUDATES
 Efficient System to automate the preliminary analysis
and diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy.
 K-means Clustering Algorithm is used.
 Color and texture features are extracted.
 Support Vector Machine Classifiers(SVM) are used.
 Comparision of results with other network.
 Process to acquire an image.
 STARE,DRIVE,MESSIDOR DATABASE
 KOWA-7,Nidek NM-200D,CR-DGi ,Topcon NW-
200
 Process to improve the image.
 Illumination is non-uniform.
 Contrast is very low.
RGB TO HSI CONVERSION

FILTERING

CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT

COLOR SPACE CONVERSION

 Simple Smoothing filter to remove the noise.
 Salt and Pepper Noise.
 Edge preserving Filter.
 Pixels are ranked according to their Intensity values
and the centre pixel is replaced by the median of all
the pixel.
 Contrast Limted Adaptive Histogram Equalization.
 Enhancement for low Contrast Image.
 Partition into regions and Histogram Equalization is
applied to each region.
 Hidden Features are more visible.
 Graphical Representation of number of pixels in an
image as a function of their intensity.

Grey level
 Transformation that produces the output image with uniform
pdf for an input image with arbitary pdf.

rk - Kth pixel intensity value.

nj - No. of pixels in the image with intensity rj
 The contrast enhanced image is converted into L*a*b
color space.
 L- Luminosity Layer (Brightness Layer)
 a, b- Chromaticity Layer.
 a- color along RED-GREEN axis
 b- color along BLUE-YELLOW axis
 Clustering Algorithm is used for Segmentation.
 Cluster-collection of similar objects.
 Way of grouping together the data samples that are
similar.
 Distance,Connectivity,Intensity-Measures of Similarity.
 Bio-Informatics, Geo-Science
Exclusive Clustering
K-means Clustering algorithm
Overlapping Clustering
Fuzzy C-Means Clustering algorithm
Hierarchical Clustering
Agglomerative or divisive.
Probabilistic Clustering
Mixture of Gaussian
 Input data and number of clusters (k)
 Calculate cluster centroids based on initial guess value.
 Calculate distance of each pixel from class centroid
 Group pixels into k-clusters based on minimal distance

from centroids.
 Calculate new centroid for each cluster
 Classify into groups based on new centroid and distance
 Stop when the centroid doesn’t changes its position
FEATURE EXTRACTION
 Method of capturing the visual content of an image.
 OBJECTIVE - to represent the raw image in its
reduced form to facilitate decision making process.
 Allows the classifier to distinguish between Exudates
and Non-Exudates.
 Gray Level Co-Occurence Matrix
 Extracting statistical texture features.

 Matrix where the number of rows and columns is

equal to the number of gray levels in the image.

 Each element (i, j) in the resultant GLCM is the sum

of the number of times that the pixel with value i

occurred in the specified spatial relationship to a
pixel with value j in the input image.
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 5 6 8 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

2 3 5 7 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
4 5 7 1 2
5 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0
8 5 1 2 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

7 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gray Level of Input Image 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

GLCM of Input Image

 CONTRAST
 CORRELATION
 ENTROPY
 HOMOGENEITY
 CLUSTER SHADE
 CLUSTER PROMINANCE
 VARIANCE
 SUM ENTROPY
 DIFFERENCE ENTROPY
 DISSIMILARITY
 INVERSE DIFFERENCE
 MAXIMUM PROBABILITY.
 CONTRAST

 CORRELATION

 ENTROPY
HOMOGENEITY

HOMOGENEITY

CLUSTER SHADE

CLUSTER PROMINANCE
 VARIANCE

 SUM ENTROPY

 DIFFERENCE ENTROPY
 DISSIMILARITY

 DISSIMILARITY =

 INVERSE DIFFERENCE

 INVERSE DIFFERENCE =

 MAXIMUM PROBABILITY

 MAXIMUM PROBABILITY = MAX Pij for all ( i , j)

 FEATURE VECTOR

 FV=[ FE(R) , FE(G) , FE(B) ]

 FE- creating GLCM and calculating
 Homogeneity property.
 Better Result.
 More Robust.
 More Accurate.
TOOLS USED:
 MATLAB 7.5
ORIGINAL IMAGE CLUSTERED IMAGE
 PARAMETERS NORMAL ABNORMAL
CONTRAST 6.9584e+001 1.5954e+002

CORRELATION 9.6409e-001 7.1263e-001

ENTROPY 8.2650e-001 9.9922e-001

HOMOGENEITY 9.7966e-001 9.5080e-001

CLUSTER SHADE 6.8527e+004 -1.1504e+005

CLUSTER 1.1015e+007 1.6666e+007

PROMINANCE
VARIANCE 1.7495e+003 2.5904e+003
 PARAMETERS NORMAL ABNORMAL
SUM ENTROPY 7.0787e-001 9.5280e-001

DIFFERENCE 1.3115e-001 3.1583e-001

ENTROPY
DISSIMILARITY 1.1345 2.6820

INVERSE 8.7090e-001 9.7816e-001

DIFFERENCE
MAXIMUM 4.6249e-001 6.0520e-001
PROBABILITY
 Exudates are one of the earlier sign of DR.
 Images were collected from STARE and DRIVE Database.
 CLAHE is used for contrast enhancement,thereby noise can be
eliminated.
 Color Image segmentation is done using K-Means Clustering
Algorithm.
 Less computational time.
 More simple
 By measuring the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy,
performance will be compared with other clustering technique.
 Gwenole Quellec, Stephen R. Russell, and Michael D. Abramoff, Senior Member,
IEEE “Optimal Filter Framework for Automated,Instantaneous Detection of
Lesions in Retinal Images” IEEE transactions on medical imaging, vol. 30, no.
2,pp. 523-533, february 2011.
 Alireza Osareh, Bita Shadgar, and Richard Markham “A Computational-
Intelligence-Based Approach for Detection of Exudates in Diabetic Retinopathy
Images” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 13,
no. 4,pp.535-545,July 2009.
 Carla Agurto, Eduardo Barriga, Sergio Murillo, Marios Pattichis, Herbert Davis,
Stephen Russell, Michael Abrrmoff, and Peter Soliz “Multiscale AM-FM Methods
for Diabetic Retinopathy Lesion Detection”. IEEE Trans. Medical. Imaging Vol.
29, no. 2,pp.502-512, February 2010.
 T. Walter, J. Klein, P. Massin, and A. Erginary,. “A contribution of image
processing to the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy, detection of exudates in colour
fundus images of the human retina”. IEEE Trans. Medical. Imaging,Vol. 21, no.
10, pp.1236–1243, Oct. 2002.
 Doaa Youssef, Nahed Solouma, Amr El-dib, Mai Mabrouk, “New Feature-Based
Detection of Blood Vessels and Exudates in Color Fundus Images“ IEEE conference
on Image Processing Theory, Tools and Applications,2010,vol.16,pp.294-299.
 Akara Sopharak , Bunyarit Uyyanonvara and Sarah Barman “Automatic Exudate
Detection from Non-dilated Diabetic Retinopathy Retinal Images Using Fuzzy C-
means Clustering”.sensors/2009. ISSN 1424-8220.www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors
 Rafael c. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods(2009) ‘Digital Image Processing’
Third Edition.
 Andrew Moore: “K-means and Hierarchical Clustering - Tutorial Slides”
http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~awm/tutorials/kmeans.html
 www.mathworks.com
 www.myeyeworld.com
 http://home.dei.polimi.it/matteucc/Clustering/tutorial_html/appleFCM.html
 www.kowa.co.jp/e-life/products/tp/index.htm
 Artificial Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System.
 Classes of adaptive network.
 Uses a learning algorithm.
 Depends on the size of the training set and
testing set.
 Initializing
 Training
 Testing
 Using