ASSIGNMENTS No: 1 ( 04 Mar to 11 Mar 19 )

Why sky is blue in general and reddish at the time of

sunset? It should be in your own handwriting.

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 d=1
r mm
Ѳ = 1/60 degrees = 0.290888 mRad
Ѳ = d/r r = 3438 mm
Homework
d mm θ mrad r mm TV h ft pair
TV Resolution 1 0.291 3436.4 1 2
Calculate number of line on Dist ft Gap Lines
a TV screen, if watched from 2.00 0.00058 859.1
a distance of 4 to 6 times the 2.25 0.00065 763.7
height of the screen. 2.50 0.00073 687.3
2.75 0.00080 624.8
625x4/3=833 3.00 0.00087 572.7
833x625x25=13,015,625 cycles 3.25 0.00095 528.7
3.50 0.00102 490.9
3.75 0.00109 458.2
4.00 0.00116 429.6
4.25 0.00124 404.3
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Difference between 4K and 1080p
1. 4K is known as Ultra High Definition (UHD),
2. 1080p is simply labelled High Definition.
3. 4K UHD has a considerably higher resolution than 1080P HD video.
4. 4K resolution is exactly 3840 x 2160 pixels,
5. 1080P consists of 1920 x 1080 pixels.
6. The 4K designation refers to the close to 4000 horizontal pixels.
7. Resolution was defined according to vertical pixels i.e 1080 vertical lines.
8. By comparison, 4K features 2160 pixels vertically; a considerable
increase.
9. At an aspect ratio of 16:9, 4K contains almost four times the number of
pixels
10. More than eight million pixels for 4K and just two million pixels for 1080P.

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Introduction to Fiber Optics (3rd Edition)

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Light Guiding

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 Around 50,000 very thin fibers of 8μm, diameter of about
6mm
1. Endoscope 5. Communication
2. Hazardous Areas a. Light Signals
3. At Sea b. Survival Packs
4. Flexible Lighting c. Optical Communication
(End/Side glow)

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Here are a few applications:
Marking escape routes for fire fighters;
Mountain and mine rescue;
Underwater routes for divers;
Helicopter landing zones;
0il refineries;
Planes; ships, tunnels.
The list is almost endless (see
Bibliography).

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Optic Fibre – Glass like material for transmitting light
Fibre Optics – System or branch of engineering
concerned with using the optic fibre.
Fibre – Abbreviated form for either of the two.

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θcritical = 75.2°

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Electromagnetic waves

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Electromagnetic spectrum

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Windows
1380 nm

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Some wavelengths are not desirable: 1380 nm for example. The losses at
this wavelength are very high due to water within the glass. It is a real
surprise to find that glass is not totally waterproof. Water in the form of
hydroxyl ions is absorbed within the molecular structure and absorbs
energy with a wavelength of 1380 nm. During manufacture it is therefore of
great importance to keep the glass as dry as possible with water content as
low as 1 part in 109.

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Propagation of light along the fiber

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Problem

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Solution

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The bend can be as tight as that on the right before it
breaks

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As the angle is measured from the normal, the angle between
the cladding boundary and the ray is actually 90–80.6° = 9.4° .

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...and enter at the same angles

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Cone of acceptance
The cone of acceptance is the angle within which the
light is accepted into the core and is able to travel along
the fiber.

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NA = sin (Acceptance
Angle)

NA = sin(14.12) = 0.2439

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To reduce this problem, lenses are normally employed to focus
the light on to the end of the fiber.

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There are two problems
a. The normal between the core and the cladding is now vertical.
We must remember that the normal is always drawn at right
angles to the boundary of change in refractive index
b. The angle used for Snell’s law is the angle of incidence. This is
the angle between the (new) normal and the approaching ray.

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The ray is now moving back. Where would it go? Have a guess.
To save a lot of tedious calculations, the answer is that it will
propagate down the fiber using the whole of the fiber and not
just the core. All the angles are simply repeats of those we have
already calculated.
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Surface contamination or the lack of clarity of the buffer, will
cause serious losses along the outside of the cladding. The
ray will be attenuated and will die out over the first kilometer
(3300 ft).

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Calculate output 1.26 = powerout
power?

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A light source for a fiber optic system has an output power
quoted as 14 dBm. Express this power in watts.
So a power of -14 dBm is the same as 39.8 μW.
Work in decibels for as long as possible. Converting backwards
and forwards between decibels and watts is no fun and it is
easy to make mistakes.
The nice thing is that dBm and dB are completely
compatible – we can just add them up around the circuit to
get a final result.

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we can just add them up around the circuit to get a final result.

+9db
m
=7.943m
W

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