Sub-Module 1.3 - Solid Modeling

DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SEMESTER : VII
SUBJECT : CAD-CAM-CAE
CHAPTER : COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND
TECHNIQUES FOR GEOMETRIC
MODELING
MODULE : 1.3
PRESENTED BY: Asst.Prof. Maneesh Kanujiya
ARMIET/BE/SEM-VII/CAD-CAM-CAE/
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:-
To familiarize with basic concepts of Constructive solid geometry
(csg or c-rep)
To familiarize with basic concepts of Boundary representation (b-rep)
To familiarize with basic concepts of Feature based modeling
To familiarize with basic concepts of Constraint based modeling
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Parametric representation of curves and
surfaces
3. Synthetic Curves
4. Solid Modeling
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
MODULE 01
COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND
TECHNIQUES FOR
GEOMETRIC MODELING
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Solid Modeling: [MU May-16]
• The solid modeling is the most advanced method of geometric

modeling.
• The wire-frame models and surface models contain only geometric data.
• The solid models contain both geometric data and topological
information of the object. Therefore, a solid model is a complete and
most unambiguous representation of an object.
• The use of solid modeling in CAD/CAM systems is growing rapidly.
The solid modeling has been considered as the technological solution to
integrate and automate the design and manufacturing.
• The solid models can be converted into the wire-frame models. This
type of conversion is used to generate automatically the orthographic
views.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Methods of Solid modeling:
⮚ Constructive solid geometry (CSG)
⮚ Boundary Representation (B-Rep)
⮚ Wire Frame Modeling
⮚ Solid Modeling
⮚ Surface Modeling
⮚ Parametric Modeling
⮚ Feature Based modeling
⮚ Constraint Based Modeling
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Constructive Solid Geometry
(CSG or C-REP):
Constructive solid geometry is one of the two most popular
and widely used approaches to create the solid models of
the objects. The CSG approach is also known as Building
Block Approach. Two or more primitives are combined by a
set of Boolean operations to create a desired model.
Boolean Operations Used in Constructive Solid Geometry
(CSG):
Boolean operations:
I.Union (U or +)
II.Intersection (∩ or I)
III.Difference (-)
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
(i) Union (U or +): It is used to combine two
primitives.
(ii) Intersections (n or I): It is used to get a
common volume in two primitives.
(iii) Difference (-): It is used to subtract one
primitive
from the other.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Data Structure of CSG Model-
CSG Tree:
The data structure of the
CSG model is represented
by the CSG tree.
The data of the solid model
is stored in its database in
the form of CSG tree.
The CSG tree gives the
complete information about
the process of combining
the individual primitives by
Boolean operations to
generate the solid model.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Example of CSG tree
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Boundary Representation (B-
REP)
In addition to the CSG approach, the boundary
representation (B- rep) is the another popular and
widely used approach to create the solid models of
the objects.
The boundary representation (B-rep) is based on
the principal that, any physical object can be
considered to be bounded by a set of faces.
The boundary representation approach is more
useful to model the objects of unusual shape which
are difficult to be modeled by CSG approach.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Creation of Solid Model by
Boundary Representation (B-Rep):
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Building blocks of boundary representation
(B-rep):
A boundary representation (B-rep) model of an
object consists of:
I.Vertices
II.Edges
III.Faces
IV.Loops
V.Genus
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COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Verification of Topological Validity
of B-Rep Model-Euler’s Equation:
Euler's equation is used to verify the topological
validity of the boundary representation (B-rep)
models. The boundary representation (B-rep)
model is topologically valid, only if it satisfies
Euler's equation. If the B-rep solid model does not
satisfy the Euler’s equation, it is not valid.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Euler’s equation for general 3D
objects:
F-E+V-L=2(B-G)
F= No. of faces
E= No. of edges
V= No. of vertices
L= No. loops
G= No. of genus
B= No. of bodies
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Euler’s equation for general 2D
objects:
F-E+V-L=B-G
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Feature Based Modeling:
Now-a-days, feature based modeling is most widely used
method of creating solid models.
Feature: Feature is defined as the combination of shape and

operation to build the parts.
Shape: The shape is a two-dimensional sketch. The examples
of shape are: rectangle, square, triangle, circle, ellipse, etc.
Operation: The operation is an activity that converts the
sketch into a three dimensional shape. The examples of
operation are: extrude, revolve, sweep, fillet, shell, chamfer,
etc.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Steps in Feature Based
Modeling:
Following three steps are used in creating the
models using features:
I.Create shapes (sketches)

II.Create features
III.Combine features
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Constraint Based Modeling
• A constraint is defined as the geometric condition that
relates two or more entities of model. The various
methods of solid modeling, discussed above, have one
major limitation, that is, the designer cannot built-in
intelligence, such as constraints, into modeling process.
• In constraint based modeling, the designer can add
certain constrains in modeling. For example, adding the
constraint of the symmetry to the modeling allows the
designer to modify the part of the model on one side
of the symmetrical axis, then the part of the model on
the other side of the symmetrical axis gets modified
automatically, as shown in Fig.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
To familiarize with basic concepts of Constructive solid geometry

(csg or c-rep)
To familiarize with basic concepts of Boundary representation (b-
rep)
To familiarize with basic concepts of Feature based modeling
To familiarize with basic concepts of Constraint based modeling
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
References:
1. CAD/ CAM, Theory & Practice, Ibrahim Zeid, R. Sivasubramanian,
Tata McGraw Hill Publications
2. CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, P. N. Rao, Tata McGraw Hill
Publications
3. Piegl, Les; Tiller, Wayne (1997). The NURBS Book (2. ed.). Berlin:
Springer. ISBN 3-540-61545-8
Links for online NPTEL/SWAYAM courses:
1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/102/112102101/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0qWBDm6Nok
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwzYuhduME4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFwOg9M9s2U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPwOgh-M_ok&t=21s
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Thank
You
COMPUTER GRAPHICS

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DEPARTMENT OF

PRESENTED BY: Asst.Prof. Maneesh Kanujiya

• The solid modeling is the most advanced method of geometric

Feature: Feature is defined as the combination of shape and

I.Create shapes (sketches)

To familiarize with basic concepts of Constructive solid geometry

Links for online NPTEL/SWAYAM courses:

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