NOvember/DEcember 2021

(1) Discuss how CIM can act as a enabling technology for concurrent engineering.
CAD+CAM = CIM
CIM is the total integration of all components involved in converting raw materials
into finished
products and getting the products to the market.

CIM also encompasses the whole lot of enabling technologies including total
qualitymanagement, business process reengineering, concurrent engineering,
workflowautomation, enterprise resource planning and flexible manufacturing.

• Reduction in inventory • Lower the cost of the product • Reduce waste •

Improve quality • Increase flexibility in manufacturing to achieve immediate and
rapid response to: • Product changes • Production changes • Process change •
Equipment change • Change of personnel CIM technology is an enabling technology
to meet the above challenges to themanufacturing.
TYPES OF MANUFACTURING
i. Continuous Process Industries
ii. i. Continuous Process Industries
NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM/
Marketing 
Product Design
Planning
Purchase 
Manufacturing Engineering 
Factory Automation
Hardware  Warehousing 
Logistics and Supply Chain Management
Finance 
Information Management

CONCURRENT ENGINEERING
Concurrent engineering or Simultaneous Engineering is a methodology of
restructuringthe product development activity in a manufacturing organization
using a crossfunctional team approach and is a technique adopted to improve the
efficiency ofproduct design and reduce the product development cycle time. This is
also sometimesreferred to asParallel Engineering. Concurrent Engineering brings
together a widespectrum of people from several functional areas in the design and
 manufacture of aproduct. Representatives from R & D, engineering,
manufacturing, materialsmanagement, quality assurance, marketing etc

2.(ii) List the benefits and applications of CAD. Bk 1.27

3).curve fitting techniques

Curve fitting is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical functions, which
possess the closest proximity to the real series of data. By curve fitting, we can
mathematically construct the functional relationship between the observed dataset and
parameter values etc.

1. Overview

In this tutorial, we’ll briefly introduce curve fitting. First, we’ll present the basic terminology and
the main categories of curve fitting, and then we’ll present the least-squares algorithm for curve
fitting along with a detailed example.

2. Preliminaries

Let’s suppose that we are given a set of measured data points. Curve fitting is the process of
finding a mathematical function in an analytic form that best fits this set of data. The first question
that may arise is why do we need that. There are many cases that curve fitting can prove useful:

 quantify a general trend of the measured data

 remove noise from a function
 extract meaningful parameters from the learning curve
 summarize the relationships among two or more variables

3. Categories

Generally, curve fitting falls into two main categories based on how we handle
The observed data

4. Best Fit
Here, we assume that the measured data points are noisy. So, we don’t want to fit a curve that
intercepts every data point. Our goal is to learn a function that minimizes some predefined error
on the given data points.

5. Least-Squares Algorithm
There are many proposed algorithms for curve fitting. The most well-known method is least
squares, where we search for a curve such that the sum of squares of the residuals is minimum. 

6. Conclusion

In this tutorial, we talked about curve fitting. First, we made an introduction to the basic
terminology and the categories of curve fitting. 

4).importance of geometric modelling in cad

Geometric Modeling is a fundamental CAD technique. The capability of various CAD tools in
geometric modeling is usually used as a crucial factor in tool selection usually used as a
crucial factor in tool selection. Wireframe models consist entirely of points, lines, and curves.
Computer- aided engineering, or CAE, is the central component of the manufacturing process.
With the help of geometric modeling applications, key elements can be created, transformed,
and integrated into the desired shape. In addition to this, CAD applications can also incorporate
complex mathematical operations.

Representation of Geometric Models

Types of Geometric Modelings

 Solid modeling
 Surface modeling
 Wireframe modeling
Requirements for Geometric Modeling
They create key geometric elements using commands like points, lines, and circles.

 Applying Transformations on the geometric elements using commands like rotation, achieve
scaling, and other related transformations functions.
 Construct the geometric model using various commands that integrate the geometric model's
elements to form the desired shape.

Representation of Geometric Models

There are two basic types of geometric models: a two-dimensional model, which is used for technical
drawing, and a three-dimensional model, which is used for computer-aided design and manufacturing.
 Two-Dimensional or 2D: It projects a two-dimensional view and is used for flat objects.
 Three-Dimensional or 3D: This representation permits complete three-dimensional viewing of the
model with intricate geometry. The leading process of geometric modeling in 3D is Solid
modeling.

Types of Geometric Modelings

Depending upon the representations of objects, geometric modeling system can be classified into three
categories, which are:

Solid modeling
Solid modeling also known as volume modeling, this is the most widely used method, providing a complete
description of solid modeling.
 Surface modeling
Surface modeling is another popular method. This type of modeling represents the object by its
surface and is used to describe the object with a clear view of manufacturing.
  Wireframe modeling
It is a simple modeling system used to represent the object with the help of lines only. Hence, it is
also known as Line model representation.

Requirements for Geometric Modeling

The various requirements of geometric modeling are as follows:
 The cross-section, hidden lines, and dimensions are needed for Graphical Visualization.
 Interchangeable manufacturing tolerance analysis is required while inspecting parts.
 There should also be properties and geometrical evaluations in Area, Volume, and property
evaluation in Weight, Density, etc.
 Need for Finite element analysis and Kinematic analysis.
 Parts classification, planning, etc., in manufacturing.
 Geometric models are beneficial in applications where the algorithm aims to predict a set of
variables in a complex environment.
5.(b) Explain with suitable example, how a solid model is generated using
boundary representation and write the advantages of solid modeling.
Boundary representation method (B-rep)
In solid modeling and computer-aided design, boundary representation often
abbreviated as
B-rep or BREP—is a method for representing shapes using the limits.
A solid is represented as a collection of connected surface elements, the boundary
between solid and non-solid.
Boundary representation models are composed of two parts:
O Topology, and
O Geometry (surfaces, curves and points).
A minimum body is a point; topologically this body has one face, one vertex, and no
edges. It is called a seminal or singular body
Diagram bk 2.81
Euler’s formula
Euler – Poincare Law for closed objects : F – E + V – L = 2 (B – G)
Euler – Poincare Law for open objects : F – E + V – L = B – G
Advantages of b-rep
O Appropriate to construct solid models of unusual shapes
O Relatively simple to convert a b-rep model to wireframe model
Disadvantages of b-rep
O Requires more storage
O Not suitable for applications like tool path generation
O Slow manipulation

6.boundary representation bk 2.77 advantages of solid modeling. Bk 2.73

(7) Explain about the various layers of GKS.bk 5.8

(8) State the need and requirements of the product exchange between
dissimilar CAD/CAM systems. Describe the step methodology. Bk 5.50

CAD data exchange involves a number of software technologies

and methodsto translate data from one Computer-aided design system to
another CAD file format.This PLM technology is required to facilitate
collaborative work (CPD) between OEMs andtheir suppliers.
 The main topic is with the translation of geometry (wireframe,
surface and solid) but alsoof importance is other data such as
attributes; metadata, assembly structure and feature data.
9.working of nc machine tool with help of diagram.advantages
and limitations.
Definition of NC Machine:

If each axis of a machine tool is controlled by using numbers or numerals, it is

called as a Numerical Controlled Machine tool or NC Machine tool.

Types of NC (Numerical Control) Machine:

There are 3 types of NC machines and are as follows.

1. Traditional Numerical Control (NC Machine)

2. Computer Numerical Control (CNC Machine)
3. Distributed Numerical Control (DNC Machine)

Working Principle of NC Machine:

First of all, you need to write a program that is to be punched on the Tape
Reader system and from there you can execute the program to see the
results. Firstly the data was given to the MCU by means of Keyboard such
that MCU can understand it and Analyze according to the data and command
to the drive unit to do the operation.

The Program is written by Punching the holes on the Tape. Later, the light will
be passed from one side and the sensors will be on the other side and the
tape will be in the center.

Components or Main Parts of NC Machine:

1. MCU or CPU
2. Drive Unit 
3. Feedback Devices
4. Tape Reader system
5. Very Few Manual Controls

 Advantages
  The manufacturing lead time will be decreased due to the adaption of
NC machines.
 It will lead to a reduction in Inventory.
 Higher Precision and Productivity.
 Multi-Operational machining and low operator qualification.

Disadvantages 

 A skilled person is required to punch the program on the tape and

operate it.
 The equipment and tooling cost is higher than traditional machines.
 Maintenance and Investment cost will be more in NC machines.
 Due to the evolution of CNC machines, labor has loosed their jobs and
leads to Unemployment.

Applications
 Parts are processed frequently and in small lot sizes.
 The part geometry is complex.
 Many operations must be performed on the part in its processing.49
 Much metal needs to be removed.
 Engineering design changes are likely.
 Close tolerances must be held on the work part.
 It is an expensive part where mistakes in processing would be costly.
 The parts require l00% inspection
They are used in various small scale industries to do all the operations which
cannot be performed on a single machine tool.
They are widely used in Press working, Automatic drafting, metal cutting,
spot welding, assembly of components, and Inspection also.

10.composite part concept in cellular manufacturing

Cellular Manufacturing
 Cellular Manufacturing (CM) is an application of group technology in which
dissimilar machines have been aggregated into cells, each of which is dedicated to the
production of a part family.

Composite Part Concept

 A composite part is the hypothetical part which includes all of the design and
manufacturing
attributes of a family.
 The composite is a single hypothetical part that can be completely processed in a
manufacturing cell.
 If a new part is loaded in a machine group and if the degree of dis-similarity of the
part from
the hypothetical composite part is minimum, then the new part can be processed in the
same
manufacturing cell.
Basic Assumptions
The following assumptions are made in this work: 1. The data
solely represents the machine requirements on which operations are
performed to produce any part. 2. The time needed for production is
not considered.
Levenshtein Distance
Levenshtein Distance (LD) measures the dissimilarity between
any two parts represented in alphabetical strings. The distance
between two strings, 1 and 2, is defined as the minimum numbers of
transformations required to derive string 2 from string 1. Three
types of transformations are accepted, viz., deletion, insertion, and
substitution.
Model Development
The model is divided into two parts, and described hereunder:
1) In the first part of the model, the processing requirements of
each part are indicated in terms of an alphabetical string. This
coding is based on the predefined primitive library.
2) The second part of the model attempts to generate the code for
composite part. The set of strings for parts is used for creating sub
optimal set of target strings.
11.What do you understand by boundary
representation technique in solid modeling,
explain briefly the structure of B-rep technique
(May/June 2016)
Boundary representation method (B-rep) 
In solid modeling and computer-aided design, boundary
representation oftenabbreviated as B-rep or BREP is a method for
representing shapes using thelimits.
The geometric representation specifiessurface equations, edge
equations, andvertices coordinates. 
 A vertex is a unique point in space  An edge is a finite,
non-self-intersecting, directed space curve bounded by twovertices
that are not necessarily distinct.

Advantages of b-rep 
Appropriate to construct solid models of unusual shapes 
Relatively simple to convert a b-rep model to wireframe
model
Disadvantages of b-rep 
Requires more storage 
Not suitable for applications like tool path generation 
Slow manipulation
12.concept of 0pitz coding system.unit5
Optiz is a coding system that used to identify the products Dimensions, Accuracy, Material, Original
shape of raw material etc.Optiz is the one of widely used coding classification method to specify the
design of the product to manufacturing.

This method is designed and developed by H. Optiz.

Advantages
This is a type of protecting system used in coding system.

It gives about a complete classification in this working system

This type of system is useful in any type of works like machining, inspection etc.

This system used to verify total manufacturing process

 Disadvantages
Every separate process includes a different codes, it does not contains a single common code in it.

This is not so useful at different types of products in a manufacturing unit.

NOvember/DEcember 2020

1. a) What is Design Process ? Explain briefly the steps involved in

design process.bk 1.4

2.Explain line drawing algorithms.

In computer graphics, a line drawing algorithm is an algorithm for approximating a line

segment on discrete graphical media, such as pixel-based displays and printers. On such media,
line drawing requires an approximation (in nontrivial cases). Basic algorithms rasterize lines in one
color. A better representation with multiple color gradations requires an advanced process, spatial
anti-aliasing.

The Line Drawing Algorithm is a graphical algorithm for representing line segments on discrete graphical
media, such as printers and pixel-based media.”

List of line drawing algorithms

 Naive algorithm
 Digital Differential Analyzer (graphics algorithm) — Similar to the naive line-drawing algorithm, with minor
variations.
 Bresenham's line algorithm — optimized to use only additions (i.e. no division Multiplications); it also
avoids floating-point computations.
 Xiaolin Wu's line algorithm — can perform spatial anti-aliasing, appears "ropey" from brightness varying
along the length of the line, though this effect may be greatly reduced by pre-compensating the pixel
values for the target display's gamma curve, e.g. out = in ^ (1/2.4). [original research?]
 Gupta-Sproull algorithm

Properties of a Line Drawing Algorithm

 Input: At least one or more inputs must be accept a good algorithm.
 Output: At least one output must produced an algorithm.
 An algorithm should be precise: The algorithm’s each step must well-define.
 Finiteness: Finiteness is require in an algorithm. It signifies that the algorithm will come to a halt once all of
the steps have been complete.
 Correctness: An algorithm must implemented correctly.
 Uniqueness: The result of an algorithm should be based on the given input, and all steps of the algorithm
should be clearly and uniquely defined.
 Effectiveness: An algorithm’s steps must be correct and efficient.
 Easy to understand: Learners must be able to understand the solution in a more natural way thanks to an
algorithm.
Types of Line Drawing Algorithm
For drawing a line, the following algorithms are use:

 DDA (Digital Differential Analyzer) Line Drawing Algorithm

 Bresenham’s Line Drawing Algorithm
Advantages
The following are the benefits of the Bresenham line algorithm:

 An incremental algorithm that is quick.

 Only integer computations are use in this.
Disadvantages
 Bresenham’s Line Drawing Algorithm only aids in the creation of fundamental lines.
 The drawn line is not smooth as a result.
3.Derive the equation for Hermite Cubic spline curve. Note
4. Explain about Graphics Kernel System (GKS) bk 5.8
5.Write short notes on drawing exchange format (DXF) standard.
bk 5.39
6.Explain the working and construction features of CNC with neat sketch.
CNC machines are making parts around the world for almost every industry. They
create things out of plastics, metals, aluminum, wood and many other hard materials. The word
“CNC” stands for Computer Numerical Control, but today everyone calls it CNC. 
 a CNC machine, all the numerical functions are controlled by the computer. The computer stores the
programs which are required to operate the machine.

The computer also gives the display of various parameters of the machine-like spindle speed, feed rate,
etc. It consists of electronic instrumentation to measure the output.
 1.Hardware,
2.software and
3.Information.
Working Principle of CNC Machine
It consists of two separate controls, a CNC controller that doses the function of program decoding
interpolation, diagnostics machine actuation, etc. Another is the programmable logic controller
(PLC), which does spindle on-off, coolant on-off, turret operation, etc.

Features of CNC Machine

The feature of CNC machines are as follows:

 Part program input may be through the keyboard.

 The part program is entered into the computer and stored in the memory. Then it is used again
and again.
 The entered part program can be edited for any errors or design changes.
 A graphical display of the cutter path and shape of the finished work is possible before actually
running the program (simulation).
 Tool wear compensation is possible.
 The sub-program facility is also possible for repetitive machining sequences.
Basic Elements of the CNC Machine
The main parts of the CNC machine are:
1. Input devices
2. Machine control unit (MCU)
3. Machine tool
4. Driving system
5. Feedback system
6. display uni
advantages 

1. Fewer workers are required to operate a CNC machine and save labour cost.
2. It is suitable for batch production.
3. It requires less space for its operations
4. More operational safety.
disadvantages 

1. The initial cost is high.

2. The parts of the CNC machines are costly.
3. Maintenance costs are significantly higher in the case of CNC.
4. It does not eliminate the need for costly tools.
5. CNC machine requires skilled programmers.
6. It is not suitable for small scale production
7. Maintenance cost is more.
Applications 

1. Aerospace equipment.
2. Automobile parts.
3. Complex shapes.
4. Electronic industry uses CNC e.g. Printed circuit board.
5. Electrical industry uses CNC e.g. Coil winding.
6. For small to medium batch quantity.
7. Where the set-ups are very large.
7.What is canned cycle ? Explain any two drilling canned cycles with their
syntax.

A canned cycle is a way of conveniently performing repetitive CNC machine operations.

Canned cycles automate certain machining functions such as drilling, boring, threading,
pocketing, etc...[1] Canned cycles are so called because they allow a concise way to program a
machine to produce a feature of a part.[

The syntax of a canned cycle may vary depending on the brand of the control. In general, the
following "words" will be in a canned cycle "block". G73, G74, G76, G81-89= The function to
perform, for example, G84 specifies a right-hand tapping cycle. R= Z axis start position,
also known as the retract plane or "R-plane".

Programming format
The operation of a CNC machine tool is typically controlled by a "part program" written a language known as G-
code. [3] Canned cycles are similar in concept to functions in a traditional computer language, and can be compared also to G-
code macros. 
A, B, C and D are used for Rectangular pocket machining.

 A= Machining allowance
 B= Step over
 C= Step depth
 D= Additional depth of cut for first pass
G80 is used for cancelling the currently selected canned cycle as G-codes for canned cycles are modal.
If the machine control supports it, the user may create their own custom canned cycles. As there are numbers not already used for
G-codes,

Advantages
The conciseness of canned cycles allows for quicker and easier development of programs at the machine.
Job setup is also facilitated by canned cycles. Some canned cycles exist which are designed for use by machine tool operators for
simple job set-up and measuring tasks.....…

8. Define GT ? Explain OpItz coding system for GT.unit5

• When selecting what the GT digits represent, the guidelines are,

They must differentiate products

Must represent non-trivial features
Only critical features should be encoded
Function should be encoded
Every digit should be significant

• Parts can be encoded using

process flow
tool axis
tolerance
function
material
shape.
Optiz Code

• One example system is the popular Opitz code, developed in a

German university by H.Opitz.

• This code uses a sequence of 5 digits, 4 digits, and 4 letters, such as

‘11223 4455 ADEA’

• The Opitz code for a part is constructed from the first digit on, as
shown in the tables below.

Decision Tree

• Decision trees are developed to be specific to typical product line, or

manufacturing facility.

 Implementation

• GT should be used when there are a large number of parts that can
be divided into groups based upon geometry, function, and/or production.

GT Machine Cells

• After identifying part families, a standard set of production steps

can be identified.

Advantages

Reduced work piece handling  Lower setup times.  Less in-process inventory. 
Less floor space, and shorter lead times.

The three methods for grouping parts into families are:

1. Visual inspection method. 2.Production flow analysis (PFA). 3.Parts classification

and codingsystem.

9)Explain the different flexibilities in FMS.unit 4

10.Briefly explain the different scheme used to generate a solid model?

(Nov/Dec2015)

TECHNIQUES IN SURFACE MODELLING

Constructive solid geometry (CSG and C-rep) 

 Boundary representation method (B-rep

CONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY (CSG and C-rep) 

Constructive solid geometry (CSG) (formerly called computational

binary solidgeometry) is a technique used in solid modeling. 
Constructive solid geometry allows a modeler to create a complex
surface orobject by using Boolean operators to combine objects. 

Boolean Operations

The CSG is constructed by the following Boolean operation

BENEFITS OF CAD
1. Productivity Improvement in Design
Depends on Complexity of drawing,
Degree of repetitiveness of features in the designed
parts, Degree of symmetry in the parts,
Extensive use of library of user defined shapes and commonly use d entities
2. Shorter Lead Times
3. Flexibility in Design
4. Design Analysis
5. Fewer Design Error
6. Standardization of Design, Drafting and Documentation
7. Drawings are more understandable
8. Improved Procedures of Engineering Changes
9. Benefits in Manufacturing :
a. Tool and fixture design for manufacturing
b. Computer Aided process planni
REASONS FOR IMPLEMENTING CAD
To increase the productivity of the designer
To improve the Quality of Design
To improve Documentation
To create a Database for manufacturing

Unit 4

1.part programming format

PREPARATORY FUNCTIONS (G) IN PART PROGRAMMING
– Preparatory commands which prepare the machine or tool for different modes of
movement
positioning
MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTION IN PART PROGRAMMING
– The function not relating the dimensional movement of the machine but it denotes
the
auxiliary or switching information is called miscellaneous functions.
– For example coolant on/off, spindle speed
INTERPOLATION IN PART PROGRAMMING
– It is the process of developing coordinate points in between start and finish
coordinates.

2.MICROMACHINING
– Micromachining refers of the technique for the fabrication of 3D structure on the
micrometer scale. Micromachining refers the super finishing, a metalworking process
for
producing very fine surface finishes.
– The various types of micromachining process are given below
– Bulk micromachining
– Surface micromachining
SURFACE MICROMACHINING
– In surface machining process, the structures are created on top of a substrate. In this
case, a
silicon substrate (wafer) is selectively etched to produce structures.

WAFER MACHINING
3. Write brief notes on NCprocedure.
Process Planning: The engineering drawing of the workpart must be
interpreted in terms of the manufacturing processes to be used.
Part programming: A part programmer plans the process for the portions of
the job to be accomplished by NC.
Manual part programming
In manual programming, the machining instructions are prepared on a form called a
part program manuscript.

4.What are the steps involved in NC procedure.

Process Planning
Part programming
Manual part programming
Computer-assisted part programming
In manual programming, the machining instructions are prepared on a form called a
part program manuscript.
Tape preparation: A punched tape is prepared from the part programming NC
process plan in manual part programming,
Tape verification. After the punched tape has been prepared, a method
is usually provided for checking the accuracy of the tape.

UNIT V
1.GROUP TECHNOLOGY:
❧ It’s the manufacturing philosophy to increase the production efficiency by
grouping a
variety of parts having similarities of shape, dimension, and/or process route.
❧ It justifies batch production by capitalizing on design and/or manufacturing
similarities
among components parts.
Role of GT in CAD/CAM
❧ For closer dimensional tolerances
❧ More economical in higher accuracy
❧ Increased variety of materials , by manufacturing needs.
❧ Lowering scrap rates
Important Elements of CAD/CAM Integration
❧ It provides a common data base for effective integration of CAD & CAM for
successful
implementation of CIM
❧ GT provides a common language for users
❧ It gives a information about Design, Manufacturing Attributes, Processes &
Capabilities
Part Families
❧ A part family is a collection of parts which are similar in geometric shape and size
or
processing steps are required in their manufacture.
❧ It may be a similar in their Design, Manufacturing characteristics are grouped and
referred as Design part family & Manufacturing part family
❧ The characteristics used are known as Attributes

METHODS FOR PART FAMILY FORMATION

1.Visual inspection
2. part classification & Coding Methods
3.production flow analysis
Design & Manufacturing Attributes
1.System based on Part Design Attributes
2.System based on Manufacturing Attributes
3.System based on Both Design & Manufacturing Attributes
2.concept of 0pitz coding system

Coding System Structure

❧ A Group Technology is a string of characteristics capturing information's about an
item.
❧ A part coding scheme consists of a sequence of symbols that identify the part’s
Design /
Manufacturing attributes
Types of Basic Code Structures
1 . Hierarchical codes
(Mono codes or tree structure)
2. Attributes codes
(Poly code or chain type structure)
3. Decision tree codes
(hybrid code or mixed
codes)
Hierarchical codes
❧ The interpretation of each successive symbols depends on the value of the
preceding
symbols
❧ Each symbols amplifies the information contained in the preceding digit, so that the
digits in
the symbols cannot be interrupt alone.
❧ The structure is like a tree.
Opitz Classification Systems
❧ The opitz system was developed by H.Optiz of the university of Aachen in
Germany.
❧ It was the most popular and one of the first published classification and coding
scheme for
mechanical parts
❧ This system uses alpha numeric symbols to represent the various attributes of a
part.
❧ The following digits sequence are:

3.Flexible manufacturing cell or flexible manufacturing system .

 FMS employs a fully integrated handling system with automated processing
stations.
 Out of all four types of machine cells, the FMS is the highly automated GT
machine cell.
FMS may be defined as “a highly automated GT machine cell, consisting of a
group of processing workstations (usually CNC machine tools), interconnected by an
automated material handling and storage system, and controlled by a distributed
computer system.”
 FMS employs a fully integrated handling system with automated processing
stations.
Flexibility and its Types
 Flexibility is an attribute that allows a manufacturing system to cope up with a
certain
level of variations in part or product type, without having any interruption in
production due to changeovers between models.
 Flexibility measures the ability to adopt “to a wide range of possible environment”
Tests of Flexibility
 Part variety test
 Schedule change test
 Error recovery test
 New part test
Types of Flexibility
 Machine flexibility
 Production flexibility
 Mix (or Process) flexibility
 Product flexibility
 Routing flexibility
 Volume (or capacity) flexibility
 Expansion flexibility
Types of FMS
 Classification based on the kinds of operations they perform
 Processing operation
 Assembly operation
 Classification based on the number of machines in the system
 Single machine cell (SMC)
 Flexible machine cell (FMC)
 Flexible manufacturing system (FMS)
 Classification based on the level of flexibility associated with the system
 Dedicated FMS
 Random order FMS
Classification based on the kinds of operations they perform
 Processing operation
 Assembly operation
Classification based on the number of machines in the system

Structure of FMS Application software systems

FMS Applications
 Machining
 Assembly
 Sheet-metal press working
 Forging
 Plastic injection moulding
 Welding
 Textile machinery manufacture
 Semiconductor component manufacture
Advantages of FMS
 Increased machine utilization
 Reduced inventory
 Reduced manufacturing lead time
 Greater flexibility in production scheduling
 Reduced direct labour cost
 Increased labour productivity
 Shorter response time
 Consistent quality
 Reduced factory floor space
 Reduced number of tools and machines required
Disadvantages of FMS
 Very high capital investment is required to implement a FMS
 Acquiring, training and maintaining the knowledgeable labour pool requires heavy
investment
 Fixtures can sometimes cost much more with FMS, and software development
costs
could be as much as 12-20% of the total expense
 Tool performance and condition monitoring can also be expensive since tool
variety
could undermine efficiency
 Complex design estimating methodology requires optimizing the degree of
flexibility
and finding a trade off between flexibility and specialization

4.Automated Guided Vehicle System (AGVS)


An Automated Guided Vehicle System (AGVS) is a computer controlled, driverless
vehicle used for transporting materials from point to point in a manufacturing setting.
 An AGVS uses independently operated, self-propelled vehicles that are guided
along
pre-defined paths, and are powered by means of on-board batteries.
 The AGVs are highly flexible, intelligent, and versatile material handling systems
used
to transport materials from various loading locations to various unloading locations
throughout the manufacturing facility

5.What is Computer Aided Quality Control or CAQC?

The use of the computers for quality control of the product is called as the
computer aided quality control or CAQC.
The two major parts of quality control are inspection and testing, which are
traditionally performed manually with the help of gages, measuring devices and the
testing apparatus.
The main objectives of the CAQC are to improve the quality of the product,
increase the productivity in the inspection process and reduce the lead times in
manufacturing.
 The two major parts of computer aided quality control are computer aided
inspection (CAI) and computer aided testing (CAT).
CAI and CAT are performed by using the latest computer automation and
sensor technology.
CAI and CAT are the standalone systems and without them the full potential of
CAQC cannot be achieved.