13 From Atoms to Materials 中 /EN

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13.2 Periodic Table

Scientists have organized the elements into

a table called the Periodic Table.

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13.2 Periodic Table

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13.2 Periodic Table

A. The development
of Periodic Table

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13.2 Periodic Table

Dating back to the 19th century, 63 elements

were discovered.

At that time, a Russian

chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev
(1834–1907), first
developed the Periodic
Table.

Let us read the story about

Dmitri Mendeleev
his discovery in Activity 13.3.
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13.2 Periodic Table

Activity 13.3

Mendeleev and the

Periodic Table

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13.2 Periodic Table

Activity 13.3
Read the story below and discuss the questions
that follow.

1. Mendeleev was a
teacher of Chemistry
at a famous university
in Russia. He was
writing a textbook for
his students.

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13.2 Periodic Table

Activity 13.3
2. To collect his thoughts for writing the textbook,
he wrote the name of each element and each
of its properties on a separate card.

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13.2 Periodic Table

Activity 13.3
3. One night, he had a dream. The element cards
lined up in rows. When he awoke, he decided
to arrange the elements in a table according to
the mass of atoms.

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13.2 Periodic Table

Activity 13.3
4. He also found that if he placed eight elements
in a row, the columns of the table would
contain elements with similar properties. He
called these columns ‘groups’.
Part of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

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13.2 Periodic Table

Activity 13.3
1. In what ways did Mendeleev arrange the
elements in the Periodic Table?
He arranged the elements in a table
according to the mass of atoms.
2. Why did Mendeleev put beryllium (Be),
magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) into the
same group (Group II) in his Periodic Table?
They have similar properties.
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13.2 Periodic Table

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table had been

much modified over the years until it
became the modern Periodic
Table.
In the modern Periodic Table, there
are more than 110 elements.

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13.2 Periodic Table

In the modern Periodic Table, the

elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic number.

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13.2 Periodic Table

In the modern Periodic Table,

the elements are arranged in
order of increasing
atomic number
_________________.

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13.2 Periodic Table

B. Groups in the
Periodic Table

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13.2 Periodic Table

There are eight main groups (I, II, III, IV, V,

VI, VII and 0) in the modern Periodic Table.

Simulation
(Interactive Periodic Table)

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13.2 Periodic Table

Do elements in
the same group
of the Periodic
Table show
some common
properties?

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13.2 Periodic Table

Experiment 13.2 Watch the Expt. video

Do elements in the
same group have
similar reactions with
dilute hydrochloric
acid?
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13.2 Periodic Table

Experiment 13.2 Watch the Expt. video

1. Label three test tubes A, B and

C.
Fill each tube with
5 cm3 of dilute
hydrochloric acid.

Put the three test

tubes in a test tube
rack.
hydrochloric acid
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13.2 Periodic Table

Experiment 13.2 Watch the Expt. video

2. Add two calcium granules to test tube A.

Stopper test tube A for one minute.

3. Observe any gas bubbles

given out. Touch the
bottom of the test tube.
Record your
observations.
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13.2 Periodic Table

Experiment 13.2 Watch the Expt. video

4. Remove the stopper from test tube A and

immediately place a burning splint over the
mouth of the test tube.

burning
splint

Record your observations.

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13.2 Periodic Table

Experiment 13.2 Watch the Expt. video

5. Repeat Steps 2 to 4 with two magnesium

granules (test tube B).

6. Repeat Steps 2 to 4 with a spoonful of

carbon powder (test tube C).

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13.2 Periodic Table

Experiment 13.2 Watch the Expt. video

Results
Are gas What gas is
Is heat
Element bubbles produced
released?
given out? (if any)?

Calcium yes yes hydrogen

Magnesium yes yes hydrogen

Carbon no no 

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13.2 Periodic Table

Experiment 13.2 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
1. Which of the elements react with dilute
hydrochloric acid?
Calcium and magnesium
_________________________________
2. Referring to your answer in question 1, do
all the reactions produce the same gas?
Yes
_________________________________
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13.2 Periodic Table

Experiment 13.2 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
3. (a)Referring to your answers in questions
1 and 2, are these elements in the
same group?
Yes
________________________________
(b)Referring to the Periodic Table, which
group do they belong to?
Group II
________________________________
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13.2 Periodic Table

Elements in the same group have

similar
___________ (similar/different)
chemical properties.

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13.2 Periodic Table

Do elements in
the same group
have different

Extension
reactivity (e.g. the
reaction with
hydrochloric
acid)?
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13.2 Periodic Table

Experiment 13.3 Watch the Expt. video

Comparing the action

Extension
of dilute hydrochloric
acid on calcium and
magnesium

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13.2 Periodic Table

Experiment 13.3 Watch the Expt. video

test tube
1. Make a mark at
about 7 cm from

Extension
the bottom of a
test tube.
about
7 cm

2. Fill the test tube to the top with tap

water.
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13.2 Periodic Table

Experiment 13.3 Watch the Expt. video

3. Set up the apparatus.

15 cm3 of dilute upside-down test tube
hydrochloric acid

Extension
delivery
boiling tube beaker
tube half-filled
0.5 g with water
calcium
powder

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13.2 Periodic Table

Experiment 13.3 Watch the Expt. video

4. Using a stopwatch,
measure the time taken

Extension
for the water level to
reach the marking.
Record your result.
5. Repeat Steps 1 to 4 with 0.5 g
magnesium powder. Record your result.

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13.2 Periodic Table

Experiment 13.3 Watch the Expt. video

Results
Time taken for the water level
Metal
to reach the marking

Extension
Calcium
(Answers may vary.)
Magnesium
Discussion
Which metal, calcium or magnesium, is more
reactive?
_____________________________________
Calcium
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13.2 Periodic Table

Although elements in the same

group have similar chemical

Extension
properties, they differ in
reactivities.

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13.2 Periodic Table

Extension
Elements in the same group
reactivities
differ in ______________.

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13.2 Periodic Table

13.5 e-Checkpoint 13.5

Here is part of the modern Periodic Table:

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13.2 Periodic Table

13.5 e-Checkpoint 13.5

(a) List three elements that belong to Group 0.

He / Ne / Ar / Kr
__________________________________
(b) Which element has an atomic number of 6?
C
__________________________________
(c) Which elements are in the same group as
sodium?
Li, K
__________________________________
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13.2 Periodic Table

C. Uses of elements

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13.2 Periodic Table

Depending on their properties,

different elements are used for
different purposes.

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13.2 Periodic Table

Common elements and their uses

2
He Helium
氦
Helium
(Group 0)

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13.2 Periodic Table

Common elements and their uses

3
Li Lithium
鋰
Lithium
(Group I)

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13.2 Periodic Table

Common elements and their uses

12
Mg Magnesium
鎂
Magnesium
(Group II)

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13.2 Periodic Table

Common elements and their uses

13
Al Aluminium
鋁
Aluminium
(Group III)

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13.2 Periodic Table

Common elements and their uses

14
Si Silicon
硅
Silicon
(Group IV)

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13.2 Periodic Table

Common elements and their uses

15
P Phosphorus
磷
Phosphorus
(Group V)

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13.2 Periodic Table

Common elements and their uses

8
O Oxygen
氧
Oxygen
(Group VI)

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13.2 Periodic Table

Common elements and their uses

17
Cl Chlorine
氯
Chlorine
(Group VII)

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13.2 Periodic Table

What properties make these common

elements suitable for the uses we see
in the photos?

The physical properties or chemical

properties (e.g. A helium balloon will
float in air because helium is less dense
than air (physical property).)
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13.2 Periodic Table

Transition elements
We can find that there is a block between Group II
and Group III in the modern Periodic Table. The
elements in this block are called transition
elements.
For example, vanadium is
a transition element. It can
be used in the production
of dyes.
dyes
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