TYPES OF LERANING

DISABILITY
BY NIMRA RAFI
BS- 6TH
ROLL NUMBER #190316
GROUP # 4
Learning disability:

 A learning disability is a neurological condition which affects the

brain's ability to send, receive, and process information.

 A child with a learning disability may have difficulties in reading,

writing, speaking, listening, understanding mathematical concepts, and
with general comprehension.

 Learning disabilities include a group of disorders such as dyslexia,

dyspraxia, dyscalculia and dysgraphia.

 Each type of disorder may coexist with another.

DIAGNOSIS OF LD:
In order for a diagnosis of LD to be made, at least three criteria must
be met:
1. The presence of a problem. That is, a student must come forward
and express a concern about his or her academic performance.
2. Academic achievement level(s) significantly below expectations
(i.e. lower or poor academic performance).
3. Aptitude achievement discrepancy (On normed-referenced
standardized testing, an overall or verbal IQ score that is at least
in the average range, if not higher, with some specific areas of
academic achievement that are minimally one standard deviation
below measured intellectual ability level.)
What are the types of learning disabilities?
 LD is a broad term. There are many different kinds of learning disabilities.

Most often they fall into 4 categories;

 Spoken language-listening and speaking
 Written language-reading, writing, and spelling
 Arithmetic-calculation and concepts
 Reasoning-organization and integration of ideas and thoughts

Other related categories include disabilities that affect memory, social

skills, and executive functions such as deciding to begin a task.
Dyslexia (difficulty reading)

Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent

word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities.
 Dyslexia is a language-based learning disability.
 Reading disabilities affect 2 to 8 percent of elementary school
children.
 A person with dyslexia can have problems in any of the tasks
involved in reading.
 However, scientists found that a significant number of people with
dyslexia share an inability to distinguish or separate the sounds in
spoken words.
Continue…
 About 13-14% of the school population nationwide has a
handicapping condition that qualifies them for special education.

 About 85% of those LD students have a primary learning disability

in reading and language processing.

 5-20% of the population as a whole — have some of the symptoms

of dyslexia, including slow or inaccurate reading, poor spelling,
poor writing, or mixing up similar words.
Continue…
 Some children have problems sounding out words, while others
have trouble with rhyming games, such as rhyming “cat” with
“bat.” Yet, scientists have found these skills fundamental to
learning to read.
 Remedial reading specialists have developed techniques that can
help many children with dyslexia acquire these skills. 
 Dyspraxia-Language comprehension of a person with Dyspraxia
does not match language production. They may mix up words and
sentences while talking.
Dysgraphia (difficulty writing)

 Writing too, involves several brain areas and functions. The brain
networks for vocabulary, grammar, hand movement, and memory
must all be in good working order.
 A developmental writing disorder may result from problems in any
of these areas.
 For example, a child with a writing disability, particularly an
expressive language disorder, might be unable to compose complete
and grammatically correct sentences.
Dyscalculia (difficulty with mathematics)

 Arithmetic involves recognizing numbers and symbols, memorizing

facts, aligning numbers, and understanding abstract concepts like
place value and fractions. Any of these may be difficult for children
with developmental arithmetic disorders, also called dyscalculia.

 Problems with number or basic concepts are likely to show up

early.

 Disabilities that appear in the later grades are more often tied to
problems in reasoning.
Other related conditions:
 It is not surprising that people can be diagnosed with more than one learning disability.
 For example, the ability to understand language underlies learning to speak. Therefore,
any disorder that hinders the ability to understand language will also interfere with the
development of speech, which in turn hinders learning to read and write.
There are many disabilities that are related to learning disabilities or cognitive disabilities:
e.g.
1. Acquired / Traumatic Brain Injury
2. Asperger's Syndrome
3. Autistic Spectrum Disorder
4. Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities
5. Auditory Processing Disorder
6. Visual Processing Disorder, etc.
How are learning disabilities identified?

 Usually, the teacher or parent notices that the child is struggling to

learn or is behind in class. An evaluation can be requested by the
teacher or the parent. A comprehensive set of tests are given to
see why the child has difficulty. 

 Traditionally, evaluators used the results from the assessments to

determine if there was a discrepancy between the child’s ability
and achievement. 
What is effective instruction for students with LD?

 Students with learning disabilities benefit from instruction that is

explicit and well sequenced. Effective teachers help students with
LD learn how to use strategies for managing their assignments.

 Teachers often need to provide accommodations to help children

learn in class.   
SCALES FOR MEASURING LEARNING DISABILITY

Intellectual Assessment:
1. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Third Edition (WAIS- III)( It provided scores for
Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ, along with four secondary indices (Verbal
Comprehension, Working Memory, Perceptual Organization, and Processing Speed).
2. Woodcock Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability (individually- administered & measures
general intellectual ability (g) and specific cognitive abilities in persons age 2 to 90+ years
old.)
Achievement:
3. Woodcock Johnson Educational Battery-Revised (cognitive abilities, academic
achievement, and interests.)
4. Nelson Denny Reading Test (used to measure reading comprehension and ability in
adolescents and young adults.)
5. SATA ( Scholastic ability tests for adults measures Verbal Reasoning, Nonverbal Reasoning,
Quantitative Reasoning, Reading Vocabulary, Reading Comprehension, Math Calculation, Math
Application, Writing Mechanics, and Writing Composition.
REFERANCES:
 https://www.ldonline.org/ld-topics/about-ld/learning-disabilities-ove
rview#:~:text=Most%20often%20they%20fall%20into,Math%20dis
abilities%20(often%20called%20dyscalculia
)
 https://ssd.umich.edu/article/learning-disability-criteria
 https://
www.washington.edu/accesscomputing/what-are-specific-types-lear
ning-disabilities