WRITING A RESEARCH

- Background of the Study

- Statement of the Problem

Presented by
Mary Ann Grace B. Dulay, Ph. D.
Master Teacher I
Manaoag National High School
Activity 1: A Researcher Within
 What type of researcher are you?
1. I like to observe personally, what I am
researching to get data.
No Not Sure Maybe Probably Absolutely
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

2. Interviewing people is a good way to do research.

No Not Sure Maybe Probably Absolutely
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
3. Questionnaires show what people really think.
No Not Sure Maybe Probably Absolutely
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

4. Letting people mark or write answers to is a good

way to collect information.
No Not Sure Maybe Probably Absolutely
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
5. Tests can show what students have learned.
No Not Sure Maybe Probably Absolutely
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

6. If you want to know something, ask questions and

listen to what people say.
No Not Sure Maybe Probably Absolutely
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
7. If I am doing research, I like to watch the
respondents carefully and notice what they do.
No Not Sure Maybe Probably Absolutely
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

8. Although not perfect, test scores can be a good

indicator of learning.
No Not Sure Maybe Probably Absolutely
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
 How to score the PDQ
questionnaire
 Total your score for items 3, 4, 5, and 8 and
record it under A.
 Total your score for items 1, 2, 6, and 7 and
record it under B.
A B
No. 3 - ______ No. 1 - ______
4 - ______ 2 - ______
5 - ______ 6 - ______
8 - ______ 7 - ______
Total: Total:
 Interpretation……

• If your score in the A column is higher that your

score in the B column, it may indicate you prefer
looking at research analytically, and you might
like to use tests and analyze them using
statistics. You might like the experimental
research design. You also prefer questionnaire
that provides numbers in much the same way
that the one you just completed. In that case you
might like the survey research design.
 Interpretation……

• If your score in the B column is higher than your

score in the A column, it may indicate you prefer
considering the whole picture and not breaking
things down into parts. You might be drawn to
observation and informal situation. Perhaps you
like to listen to what people have to say. In that
case, you might be interested in a research deign
such as case study or action research.
Department Order No. 16, s.
2017

I. Context and Rationale

II. Action Research Questions
III. Proposed Innovation, Intervention, Strategy
IV. Action Research Methods
a. Participants and other sources of data
b. Data gathering methods
c. Data Analysis Plan
Department Order No. 16, s.
2017
V. Action research Work Plan and Timeliness
VI. Cost Estimates
VII. Plans for Dissemination and Utilization
VIII. References
A Teacher’s Day
Absenteeism
Improve
Motivation/Participation
Solution to the Problem
• SY 2014 – 2015
Relative Effects of
5E Learning Cycle
Model on Students’
Achievement,
Attitude, and
Motivation in
Science
• SY 2015 – 2016
Promoting Student
Learning Through A
Student-Centered
Problem Based
Science Approach
Lack of learning materials
Solution to the Problem
SY 2017 – 2018
Gender Equity
Practices in
Secondary
Classroom
Curriculum
Mapping On The
Entry and Exit
Skills in K to 12
Science Education

SY 2018-2019
Implementation of
Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino
Program (4Ps):
Assistance to
Student’s
Education
Inclusive Education
 SY 2016 - 2017
Teaching Science to
Visually Impaired
Students: A Small-
Scale Qualitative
Study
 SY 2018 - 2019
Integration of Songs
to Enhance Science
Learning: An
Interdisciplinary
Approach
Turn these problems to
challenges………..
Background of the
Study
 REFERS TO THE DESCRIPTIVE
BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM
Background of the Study
• explains briefly why the investigator
chose this study to work on.
Rationale or the underlying principle
should answer the following
questions :
How did you arrive at that kind of
problem?
Why do you like to investigate that
kind of problem where in fact there
are hundreds of problems out
there?
Example
The school is one of the mother high
schools in Pangasinan Division II
that offers three curricular programs
namely Special Science Class,
Special Program in the Arts, and
Regular Class. There were twenty-
one sections for Grade 7, during the
school years 2012-2013 and 2013-
2014, and the Mean Percentage
Score of students in Science tests
were 60.24 and 72.31, respectively,
way below the minimum national
standard of 75 percent.
 Example
Manaoag as a first class town in Pangasinan has a
total population of 69 497 and a poverty
incidence of 8.8 based on the 2015 census. Out
of this number, for two consecutive school years
2016 – 2018 there were 1, 231 and 1,391 4Ps
student recipients who are currently enrolled in
Manaoag National High School. These numbers
made up the 25% total population of the school
for the said school years.
Example:
In the school year 2011-2012 and 2012-2013,
Region I got a Mean Percentage Score (MPS) of
40.53, 36.14 respectively with a descriptive rating
equivalent of lower average which is below the
national mean. It can be noted that in the last school
year the performance of students decreased by
4.39.
 Context and Rationale

• Trends in International
Mathematics and Science Study
TIMSS (Science)
Macro Level • garnered a score of 349 and 350 in
Science and Math respectively, way
below the international average of
489 in both subjects.

• School-Based Achievement Test

• Mean Percentage Score for Two
Years
• 74.62 (SY 2015-2016)
Micro Level • 57.71 ( SY 2016-2017)
• 64.75 (2017-2018)
• Average of 65.69%
• way below the national standard of
75%
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
- BEGINS WITH A RESEARCH
PROBLEM
• SPECIFIES THE CORE
OF THE DIFFICULTY OR
CRISIS.

• IN THIS PORTION THE

MAIN PROBLEM IS
BROKEN DOWN INTO
SPECIFIC SUB-
PROBLEMS FROM
WHICH THE FORMER
COULD BE ATTRIBUTED.
 WHAT IS A RESEARCH
PROBLEM?
- The word problem suggests that
something has gone wrong.

- Anything that a person finds

unsatisfactory or unsettling, a difficulty
of some sort, a state of affairs that need
to be changed.
- A problem involves areas of concern to
researchers, for condition they want to
improve, difficulties they want to
eliminate, questions for which they want
to seek answers.
HOW TO IDENTIFY A
PROBLEM
The difficulty of
learning a subject
The presence of
underachievers

The lack of information

concerning a better way
of teaching
 A research problem should be…

Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time-bound
 Guidelines in Writing Research Questions
The question should…
 BE IN HIGHER-ORDER
 NOT ALREADY HAVE AN ANSWER
 BE MEANINGFUL
 BE CONCISE
 BE STATED IN COMMON
LANGUAGE, AVOIDING JARGON
 NOT BE A YES OR NO QUESTION
 SAMPLE RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
Title of the Study : Relative Effects of 5E
Learning Cycle Model on Students’
Achievement, Attitude, and Motivation in
Science
General Problem: This study determined the
students’ achievement, attitude, and motivation in
Science using 5E Model.
 Specific Questions
Specifically, this answers to the following questions:
1. What is the performance of the students in the
pre-test and posttest as to:
1.1. motivation towards Science learning test?
1.2. Scientific attitude test?
1.3. Biology and Physics achievement test?
2. Is there a significant difference among the
students’ scores before and after the
exposure to 5E Model in terms of their:
2.1. motivation towards Science learning?
2.2. scientific attitude towards Science?
2.3. Biology and Physics achievement test?
Specific Questions

1. What is the profile of the school heads as to:

1.1 Personal Profile;
1.2 Professional Profile; and
1. 3 Leadership Practices in terms of:
a. mission, vision, and goals;
b. school culture;
c. policies and procedures;
 Specific Questions
2. What type of leaders are the school heads of
Araling Panlipunan?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the

school heads’ leadership practices towards
teachers and programs/instruction for students?
Activity 3: Is it a good problem or
not?
Implementation of Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program (4Ps): Assistance to
Student’s Education

1. Is the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program (4Ps) effective?

BAD
 Implementation of Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program (4Ps): Assistance to
Student’s Education

1. What is the effectiveness of Pantawid

Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in terms of
recipients’:
a. health program;
b. nutrition; and
c. education?

GOOD
Implementation of Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program (4Ps): Assistance to
Student’s Education

2. Is their an impact of Pantawid

Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) to
its recipients?

BAD
 Implementation of Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program (4Ps): Assistance to
Student’s Education

2. What is the impact of 4ps to the beneficiaries

on their:
2.1 school attendance;
2.2 compliance of requirements; and
2.3 academic performance?

GOOD
 Activity 4: Application in
Identifying a Research Problem
1. A high school English teacher examined the
compositions of her students and found that they
are unable to spell correctly, punctuate
conventionally, compose grammatically correct
sentences and develop unified paragraphs.

The predicament then is how students could

be taught to write acceptable prose.
2. Whenever a high school Science teacher
administers quiz/test, she always gives an essay
type of question to her class. However, she finds
out that most of her students who belong in the
lower section class do not answer the essay type
of question.

The problem here is to find out why students

can not answer the essay question.
 3. A Physics teacher observes that his students
encounter difficulty in the subject. He also discovers
that most of his students fail to answer the
homework.

The problem then is how to improve the study

habits of students in his Physics class.
 4. An adviser of the lower class is having
difficulty with his male students because six
(6) of them escape from their classes due to
cyber addiction.

The problem therefore is to find out what

alternative solutions will be done by the
adviser in order for his students to refrain
from going to internet café.
 5. A high school teacher observes
that there were only 45 or 24 % of the
students in his class sections who passed
the Quarterly Test.

The problem then is how to improve the

performance level of the students in
the Quarterly Test.
Activity 4: Formulate a doable
research title
- Write at least three research
problems
 Workshop Questions:
1. (PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION) What education-
related issue are you passionate about?
What issue, in your opinion, is important and
needs immediate action?
In relation to this issue,
(a) what problem/s do you observe in your school at
present?
(Something I would like to see/improve/ change is
____________);
(b) what [positive] change in your school do you like
to see?
(Something I would like to see is ________)?
 Workshop Questions:

2. (DIAGNOSING) In your
opinion, what factors explain
the occurrence of the problem?

What interventions or actions

would solve the problem?
YOUR TIME, YOUR TASK!
1.Identify the problem in your classroom or a problem in school
setting under your area of expertise.

2. Think of a possible
intervention.

3. From the problem, formulate title of your

research.
4. Formulate questions from your chosen
problem.
5. Present your output.