Module 2

Data and Descriptive Statistics

At the end of the period, the students should be able to:

1.Differentiate types of sampling techniques.
2.Discuss the importance of the use of descriptive
statistics.
3. Explain numerical data using the concept of
descriptive statistics.
Data

 The backbone of statistical

activities.
Sources of Data

 Primary Data. Data that is

collected for the first time.

 Secondary Data. data which is

already available and published
data that had been collected
for some other purpose, but
can be used for the present
research also.

https://www.statista.com/statistics/1103213/philippines-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-patients-by-gender/
 Sources of Primary Data

Interview Survey

Observation Experiment

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/covid-19-update-total-cases-and-recoveries-so-far/
Sources of Secondary Data
Previous Researches

Published Data

Publications of trade-association, chambers of commerce, co-operative

societies, and unions.

Newspapers

Research Papers

Research publication, submitted by research workers, economists,

University bureaus and other institutions
Data Sampling

 Process of selecting
statistical samples from
a population to
estimate the
chatacteristics of the
entire population.
Sampling Technique Methods

Probability Sampling. Non-probability Sampling.

Every sample in the population A sampling technique in which
has an equal chance of being samples are selected based on
selected. subjective judgement of the
researcher.
Types of Probability Sampling

Simple Random Sampling.

Every element of the universe
has equal probabilty to be
selected.

Stratefied Sampling. The

population is broken down into
non-overlapping groups.
Types of Probability Sampling

Systematic Sampling. Samples

are selected from the population
according to pre-determined
rule.

Cluster Sampling. The

population is broken down into
many different clusters, then
subgroups are selcted randomly.
Types of Non-probability Sampling
Purposive Sampling. Samples are
selected based on the purpose or
intention of the research.

Convenience Sampling.
Samples are based on
availability and that are
convenient to the researcher.
Types of Non-probabilitySampling
Quota Sampling. A type of
stratefied sampling in
which samples are
collected in each subgroup
untill the desires quota is
met.
Snowball Sampling. Researchers
will take help from the existing
elements to refer the others as
samples who can fit in the
population.
Descriptive Statistics
A statistics that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of
collection of information.
Example:
The bar graph
shows the number
of COVID-19 cases
in the Philippines as
of April 2, 2020. The
graph shows that
the total cases is
2,633 and there are
more males who are
infected with the
virus as compared
to female.
Example:

The graph describes, even compare,

the estimated number of COVID-19
cases in China and outside the
country as well as the estimated
number of confirm recoveries
worldwide as of, from the first day of
January 2020 to the 16th day of
March 2020. Observe that they use
distinct colors to identify the
estimated values.

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/covid-19-update-total-cases-and-recoveries-so-far/
Example:

A frequency distribution table showing

the exam scores of the students in a
subject. The scores are divided into 7
classes with corresponding number of
students whose scores belong to that
class. The table, also, shows that the
lowest score is 70 while the highest
score is 104. On the other hand, there
are 50 students who took the exam.

https://www.slideshare.net/monritche/frequency-distributions-and-graphs
Example:

Mean, Median, Mode,

Standard deviation (SD), and
range of Pittsburgh Sleep
Quality Index (PSQI) scores
and its subscores (n=53).

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mean-Median-Mode-Standard-deviation-SD-and-range-of-PSQI-scores-and-its-
subscores_tbl1_282878401