INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
Module 2
 The Intellectual revolution pertains to the
period of paradigm shifts or changes in the
scientific beliefs that have been widely
embraced and accepted by the people (Hintay,
2018).
THE THREE REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED THE SOCIETY
1.) Ideas of known intellectuals
2.) Information Revolution
3.) Cradles of Early Science
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
 NICHOLAS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)
 In the 6th century, Ptolemy introduced the geocentric model where it showed that
the Earth is the center of the universe which was thought to be true by most of the
people at that time.
 Copernicus is an Astronomer who contradicts the geocentric model and proposed
the Heliocentric Theory where planets revolve around the sun.
 The change from the belief of geocentric to heliocentric happened through the
contributions of other important persons such as:
 Brahe’s observation of the star Cassiopeia
 Kepler stated that the planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun at the center
 Galileo Galilei developed telescope and observed Venus
 Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation
 The Copernican revolution influences conceptual changes in cosmology, religion,
physics, and philosophy.
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
 CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)
 Formulated his book “On the Origin of Species” in 1859 that presented evidence
on how species evolved over time and “The Descent of Man (1871)” that
introduced the idea of all organic life under the realm of revolutionary thinking.
 Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection where organisms
change overtime as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits.
The changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment can help
it survive and have more offspring
 There are 2 main points in his theory: 1. All life on Earth is connected and
related to each other
 2. This diversity of life came about because of the modifications in populations
that were driven by natural selection
 Natural Selection- survival of the fittest
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
 SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
 Freud founded psychoanalysis. He described that the brain can be
segmented into compartments. He developed an observational method to
study human's inner life mainly focuses on human sexuality and evil nature
of man.
 The Freudian revolution greatly affected or gave rise to the Literature, Visual
Arts and Music.
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
 The Information Revolution started from the Sumerian
pictographs, which is the earliest writing system. Then
comes the invention of Gutenberg’s printing press
1455. There emerged the use of typewriter and
telegraph. Today, technologies are used widely which
became easier with the help of internet to
communicate and disseminate and store information.
THE FOUR CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
  The Maya developed an accurate calendar, also known as the Mayan
Calendar.
  The Quipos are used by the Incan for book-keeping
  The Mita system was invented by the Inca. It is a labor service that takes
for in road and bridge construction, in cultivation of corn and textile
production
MIDDLE EAST
Contributions in the Middle East:
 The Arab applied the romans principles and improve the watermill known as noria.
 The middle East is known for their machine designed for the improvement of
irrigation, industrial work and for war. The windmill and watermill are used for
crushing sugarcanes, grinding grain, and pumping water.
 The book of Badic al-Zaman ibn al-Razaz al-Jazari described candle and water
clocks, water vessels, fountains, automata, and water raising devices.
 The book written by Taqi al-Din ibn Maruf al-Rashid al-Dimashqi explained steam
power and a blueprint of a six-piston pump.
ASIA
Major contributions in Asia
 Traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture and herbal medicine were
practiced
 Four great inventions in china: Compass, gunpowder, papermaking, printing
 Other: alchemy, which is a Taoist chemistry
AFRICAN
Contributions from Africa:
 Africa is known for the production of Kola nuts and coffee in Ethiopia (Kola nuts are
mostly found in West Africa and is the basis of cola drink).
 Coffee was developed as a consumable drink that spread to Arabia and then
throughout the world
 Africa used plants with salicylic acid for pain (aspirin) and for diarrhea (Kaopectate).
 They are also highly advanced in medicine such operating autopsies and caesarian.
 The technology involved experimentation in drainage, construction of polders,
desalination, and irrigation. Evidence in 1978 suggests that they already mastered
making steels.