UNDERSTANDING

PLUMBING
FIXTURES
FUNDAMENTALS OF
PLUMBING

DANILO V. 1
RAVINA
KEYWORDS
:
• PLUMBING FIXTURE
• FIXTURE UNIT
• DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT
(DFU)
• WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE
(WSFU)
• ROUGHING-IN

DANILO V. 2
RAVINA
 What are Plumbing Fixtures?

• Plumbing Fixtures are approved-type installed receptacles,

devices or appliances supplied with water or liquid-borne
wastes & discharge such wastes into the drainage system to
which they may be directly or indirectly connected.
Industrial or commercial tanks, vats & similar processing
equipment are not plumbing fixtures, but may be
connected to or discharge into approved traps or plumbing
fixtures as approved for in this Code. (Sec. 217.10 NPC
1999)

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FIXTURE UNIT

207.8
FIXTURE UNIT is an arbitrary quantity in terms of
which the load-producing effects or water
requirements on the plumbing system of
different kinds of plumbing fixtures are
expressed in some arbitrarily chosen scale. One
fixture unit is equivalent to a rate of flow at 28.3
liters per minute (1 cubic feet per minute) or
(7.5 gpm).
DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT (DFU) is a numerical
weighing factor to account for the probable
discharge into the plumbing drainage system by
various types of plumbing fixtures, using the
single lavatory as equivalent to 1 DFU.

WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNIT (WSFU) is a

numerical weighing factor to account for the
water demand of various plumbing fixtures, using
the lavatory for private use as equivalent to 1
WSFU. DANILO V. 4
RAVINA
 What are the common types of
Plumbing Fixtures?
• Plumbing Fixtures, put in simpler term, are receptacles or
receivers attached to the plumbing system other than a
trap in which water or waste may be collected or retained
for ultimate discharge into the plumbing treatment facility
and point of discharge.

• Their common types are:

1. Water Closet 2. Lavatory
3. Bathtub /Shower 4. Kitchen
Sink
5. Bidet 6. Urinal

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 WATER
WATER
DRAINAG
E
FIXTURE NPC
MINIMUM
CLOSETSUPPLY
Refer to page 80 of the
DRAINAGE FIXTURE WATER
Refer to page 73 of the
NPC
WATER
TRAP & FIXTURE SUPPLY SUPPLY
TRAP ARM UNIT FIXTURE FIXTURE
SIZE (DFU) UNIT UNIT
(mm) (WSFU): (WSFU):
PRIVATE PUBLIC
WATER 76 mm 4 DFU
USE USE
CLOSET,*
PRIVATE WATER CLOSET 3 WSFU 5 WSFU
INSTALLATI (FLUSH TANK)
ON
WATER CLOSET 2.5 WSFU 4 WSFU
WATER 76 mm 6 DFU (ECONOMICAL
CLOSET, FLUSH)
PUBLIC
INSTALLATI WATER CLOSET 6 WSFU 10 WSFU
ON (FLUSHOME
TER VALVE)
Water closets shall be computed as 6 25 mm
DFU when determining septic tank
size.
*Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU) and Water Supply Fixture Unit (WSFU) – is a numerical weighing factor
to account for the sewage flow or water demand of various plumbing fixtures, using the lavatory (for
private use) as 1 DFU or 1 WSFU. It is just an index number meant to put all fixtures on a common
DANILO V. 6
basis. RAVINA
 What is a Water Closet & What are its
Classifications?
• Water Closet is a plumbing fixture
used to receive human excrement &
to discharge it through a waste pipe,
using water as a conveying medium.

• Water Closets are classified according

to:
1. Design
2. Make
3. Flushing Mechanism Used
4. Shape
5. Installation

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What are the types of water closet as to Design?
1. Siphon Washdown 2. Siphon Jet 3. Siphon Vortex 4. Reverse Trap

1. Siphon Washdown 2. Siphon Jet

The jet being submerged,

It is the least expensive but the
introduces water underwater so
noisiest; Only small amount of
that its operation is entirely
standing water, susceptible to
muffled. It has a large
fouling, staining &
amount of standing water to
contamination
prevent fouling
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3. Siphon Vortex Reverse Trap

This type of bowl develops its
flushing action through the
water entering the diagonal
holes around the rim which
creates a swirling action which
forms a vortex in the center.
The trap way located at the rear
eliminated the bulge at the front.
The design of the bowl plus its
large water area & quietness in
operation, makes it desirable
than the siphon washdown.

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 What are the type of water closets as to Make?
1. One-Piece 2. Close Coupled 3. Pail Flush 4. Squat bowl

One-Piece Water Closet:

• The water closet fixture is

manufactured with the bowl
& the flush tank molded into
a single unit

From HCG
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 Close Coupled Water
Closet:

From HCG
• A water closet wherein the flush
tank is separate but is attached to
the toilet bowl. It is a two-piece
From Mariwasa ToTo
model.
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 Pail Flush Water
Closet:
• A water closet comprising only of a bowl
without a flush tank. Flushing action is
obtained only through water poured from
a pail or bucket. This is used in areas
where running water system is not
available.

From Royal Tern

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 Squat Bowl Water
Closet:
• A water closet
that is other wise
known as
“eastern type”
water closet
since the user
assumes a
squatting
position rather
than a sitting
position.

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CEBU
 What are the types of water closets as to
Flushing Mechanism Used?
1. Flush Tank 2.
Flushometer Valve
Flush Tank- Holds a supply of water for
flushing the water closet. It flushes 3 to
6 liters.

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Flushometer Valve:

• Flushometer Valve is a
valve designed to supply
a fixed quantity of water
for flushing purposes. It
is activated by direct
water pressure without
the use of a flush tank. It
requires a flow pressure
of 69 to 138 kPa (10 to
20 psi)

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What are the types of Elongated Front
is more
water closets as to Shape? comfortable but
1. Round Front
occupies a larger
2. Elongated Front
space. Water
closet bowls for
Round Front public use shall be
WC is intended the elongated type.
for installation
on a limited
space.

Section 401
Water closet bowls
for public use shall
be the elongated
bowl types equipped
with
open-front seats.
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What are the types of water closet as to installation?
1. Free Standing or Floor Mounted
2. Wall Hung or Wall Mounted

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LAVATORY
What is a Lavatory? What are its
types?
• A Lavatory is a fixture designed for the washing of the
hands
or face. It is also known as a Wash Basin.
• The 4 types of Lavatory are:
1. Wall Hung Lavatory
2. Pedestal Lavatory
3. Counter Type Lavatory
a. Overcounter or Counter top
b. Undercounter
4. One-piece Lavatory

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Wall Hung Pedestal
Lavatory: Lavatory:

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 Counter Type
Lavatory:
Overcounter Lavatory Undercounter Lavatory

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One-piece
Lavatory:

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What are the Minimum Clearances & Roughing-ins
for Lavatories?

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 What is a Bathtub?

• A Bathtub is a tub for bathing, usually a

fixed plumbing installation designed for
1 person. It is available in left outlet
and right outlet

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 What is a Shower Bath?

A Shower Bath is an apparatus for spraying

water on the body, usually from above.
Drain is through the shower bath floor drain.

Shower Pan

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CEBU
 SHOWER COMPARTMENT Sec. 409.4
All shower compartments,
regardless of shape, shall
have a minimum finished
interior area of 0.6 square
meter, and shall also be
capable of encompassing
a 762 mm diameter circle.
The minimum area and
dimension shall be
maintained from a point
meters

above the shower drain

1.78

Min. Area = 0.6 outlet to a height of 1.78

m² meters with no protrusions
762 other than the fixture
mm valve or valves, shower
head and safety grab bars
or rails.

DANILO V. 26
RAVINA
What is a Kitchen Sink?

A Kitchen Sink is
a plumbing fixture
consisting of a
basin with a water
supply, connected
with a drain & used
for dishwashing.

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 What is a Bidet?

A Bidet is a plumbing fixture used for

washing the middle part of the body,
especially the genitals. It is also
known as Sitz Bath.

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Bidet is used in tandem with the one-piece water closet or in
integrated with the close coupled water closet:

WASHLE
T

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 What is a Urinal? What are the types of
Urinal?
• A Urinal is a plumbing fixture equipped with a
water supply and drain for flushing away urine.
• The types of Urinals are:
1. Wall Hung Urinal
2. Pedestal Urinal
3. Stall Urinal
4. Trough Urinal

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Wall Hung Urinal:

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Stall Urinal

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Urinal Types, Clearances and Roughing-
ins:

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 What are other types of Plumbing Fixtures?

Slop Sink – A deep sink, set low &

used by janitors for emptying pails
of dirty water & mop cleaning.

Laundry Tub – A deep wide sink

used for washing clothes.

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Scrub Drinking
Sink: Fountain:

A Scrub Sink is a
plumbing fixture
usually located in the
O.R. in a hospital to
enable personnel to
scrub their hands
prior to a surgical
procedure. The Hot
& Cold water supply
is activated by a A Drinking Fountain is a
knee – action mixing plumbing fixture consisting
valve or by wrist or of a shallow basin, together
pedal control or by with a water jet, designed
automatic sensors. to provide potable water for
human consumption.

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What are Toilet and Bath
Plumbing Accessories?

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 PLUMBING FIXTURES:
CLEARANCES,ROUGHING-IN
DIMENSIONS and FIXTURE
UNIT
VALUES (dfu) (wsfu)

DANILO V. 37
RAVINA
WATER CLOSET

Clearances are
750 mm 762 mm
minimum distances 375 mm
of fixtures for
human safety and
comfort.

219.9 457 mm

1524
mm

mm
457
ROUGHING-IN - the
installation of all pipings
and fitting parts of the
plumbing system, which
can be completed prior to
the installation of fixtures 600 mm 600 mm
381 mm
and accessories. These 300 mm

include sanitary and

storm drainage, tap, hot
and chilled water
supplies, gas pipings, vent 457 mm

pipings and the necessary

fixture supports.
CLEARANCE DIMENSIONS 37
WATER CLOSET
Section 401
Water closet bowls for public use
750 mm 762 mm
shall be the elongated bowl types 375 mm

equipped with open-front seats.

457 mm

1524
mm

mm
457
600 mm 600 mm
381 mm
300 mm

457 mm

CLEARANCE DIMENSIONS 38
 300 mm

750 MM
375 MM

457 MM

mm
206
150 mm
300 mm

ROUGHING-IN FOR WATER CLOSET

206 mm

DANILO V. 39
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WATER CLOSET ROUGHING-IN

DANILO V. 40
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DANILO V. 41
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ANATOMY OF A WATERCLOSET

DANILO V. 42
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DANILO V. 44
RAVINA
FLOOR DRAINS SHOWER RECEPTORS
409.1 409.2
Floor drains shall be Shower receptors are plumbing fixtures.
considered plumbing fixtures.

409.3
Each shower receptor shall be an approved type and be
constructed to have a finish dam, curb or threshold which
is at least 25.4 mm lower than the outside floor at the
sides and back of such receptor. In no case shall any dam
or threshold be less than 51 mm nor more than 228 mm
in depth when measured from the top of the dam or
threshold to the drain. The finished floor of the receptor
shall slope uniformly from the sides towards the drain not
less than 2% or 20mm/m or more than 4% or 40mm/m.
Thresholds shall be of sufficient width to accommodate a
minimum 559mm wide door.
DANILO V. 44
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 SHOWER / BATH TUB

DANILO V. 45
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PLUMBING ACCESSORIES

DANILO V. 46
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TOILET FOR THE DISABLED

DANILO V. 47
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SHOWER FOR THE DISABLED

DANILO V. 48
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TOILET / POWDER ROOM PLAN

TWO FIXTURE PLAN: PARALLEL

TWO FIXTURE PLAN: ACROSS

DANILO V. 49
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TOILET AND BATH PLAN

THREE FIXTURE PLAN: OPEN TYPE

THREE FIXTURE
PLAN:
DANILO V. 50
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FIXTURE UNIT

207.8
FIXTURE UNIT is an arbitrary quantity in terms of
which the load-producing effects or water
requirements on the plumbing system of
different kinds of plumbing fixtures are
expressed in some arbitrarily chosen scale. One
fixture unit is equivalent to a rate of flow at 28.3
liters per minute (1 cubic feet per minute) or
(7.5 gpm).
DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT (DFU) is a numerical
weighing factor to account for the probable
discharge into the plumbing drainage system by
various types of plumbing fixtures, using the
single lavatory as equivalent to 1 DFU.

WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNIT (WSFU) is a

numerical weighing factor to account for the
water demand of various plumbing fixtures, using
the lavatory for private use as equivalent to 1
WSFU. DANILO V. 51
RAVINA
DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT VALUES FOR VARIOUS TYPES
OF PLUMBING FIXTURES

(Single)
NOTE: For more
details, refer to Table
7-2 of the NPC. Page
(Private
installation ) 80

DANILO V. 52
RAVINA
 *MAXIMUM FIXTURE UNIT LOADING AND MAXIMUM LENGTH OF
EXCRETA DRAINAGE AND VENT PIPING

*THESE
FIGURES ARE
FOUND IN
TABLE 7-5 OF
THE NPC ON
PAGE 88.

NOTES:
1. Excluding trap arm
2. Except sinks, urinals and dishwashers.
3. Except 6 fixture unit traps or water closets.
4. Only four (4) water closet or 6 fixture unit traps are allowed on any vertical pipe or stack, and
not to exceed three (3) water closets or six (6) fixture unit traps on any horizontal branch or
drain.
5. Based on 2% or 20.9 mm/m slope. For one (1) percent or 10.4mm/m slope, multiply horizontal
fixture units by a factor of 0.80. DANILO V. 53
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WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
(WSFU)
EQUIVALENT *WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)
Number of Water Supply Fixture Units
(WSFU)
Type of Fixture Private Use Public Use

Bar Sink 1 2

Bathtub (with or without Shower over) 2 4

Bidet 2 4
Drinking Fountain (each faucet) 1 2
Hose Bibb 3 5
Laundry Tub or Clothes Washer 2 4
Lavatory 1 2
Shower (each head) 2 4
Sink (kitchen) or dishwasher 2 4
Urinal (wall or stall type) - 5
Water Closet – Flush Tank 3 5
Water Closet – Flush Valve: 19mm 3 6
Water Closet
*Water Supply – Flush
Fixture Valve:–25mm
Unit (WSFU) 6 for the water demand of10various
is a numerical weighing factor to account
plumbing fixtures, using the lavatory (for private use) as 1 WSFU. It is just an index number meant to put all
fixtures
on a common DANILO V. 55
basis. RAVINA
ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND

SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH TANKS

LOAD IN WATER WATER DEMAND LOAD IN WATER WATER DEMAND

SUPPLY FIXTURE SUPPLY FIXTURE
UNITS (WSFU) Gallon per minute Liter per second UNITS (WSFU) Gallon per minute Liter per second

1 3.0 0.19 60 32.0 2.02

2 5.0 0.32 70 35.0 2.21
3 6.5 0.41 80 38.0 2.40
4 8.0 0.51 90 41.0 2.59
5 9.4 0.59 100 43.5 2.74
6 10.7 0.68 120 48.0 3.03
7 11.8 0.74 140 52.5 3.31
8 12.8 0.81 160 57.0 3.60
9 13.7 0.86 180 61.0 3.85
10 14.6 0.92 200 65.0 4.10
12 16.0 1.01 250 75.0 4.73
14 17.0 1.07 300 85.0 5.36
16 18.0 1.14 400 105.0 6.62
18 18.8 1.19 500 124.0 7.82
20 19.6 1.24 750 170.0 10.73
25 21.5 1.36 1000 208.0 13.12
30 23.3 1.47 1250 239.0 15.08
35 24.9 1.57 1500 269.0 16.97
40 26.3 1.66 2000 325.0 20.50
45 27.7 1.76 2500 380.0 23.97
50 29.1 433.0 27.32
1.84DANILO V . RAVINA3000

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TABLE 2B. ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND

SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH VALVES

LOAD IN WATER WATER DEMAND LOAD IN WATER WATER DEMAND

SUPPLY FIXTURE SUPPLY FIXTURE
UNITS (WSFU) Gallon per minute Liter per second UNITS (WSFU) Gallon per minute Liter per second

1 - - 60 54.0 3.41
2 - - 70 58.0 3.66
3 - - 80 61.2 3.86
4 - - 90 64.3 4.06
5 15.0 0.95 100 67.5 4.26
6 17.4 1.10 120 73.0 4.61
7 19.8 1.25 140 77.0 4.86
8 22.2 1.40 160 81.0 5.11
9 24.6 1.55 180 85.5 5.39
10 27.0 1.70 200 90.0 5.68
12 28.6 1.80 250 101.0 6.37

14 30.2 1.91 300 108.0 6.81

16 31.8 2.01 400 127.0 8.01
18 33.4 2.11 500 143.0 9.02
20 35.0 2.21 750 177.0 11.17
25 38.0 2.40 1000 208.0 13.12
30 42.0 2.65 1250 239.0 15.08
35 44.0 2.78 1500 269.0 16.97
40 46.0 2.90 2000 325.0 20.50
45 48.0 3.03 2500 380.0 23.97
50 50.0 3.15DANILO . RAVINA3000 433.0 27.32
V
57
END OF PRESENTATION

DANILO V. 58
RAVINA