WASTE PIPE AND SOIL PIPE

Intro:
Good afternoon everyone, we are here today to report to you about the waste pipe and
soil pipe.
In the study of plumbing, it is important to know the different parts of the piping
installations and their functions since the effectiveness of plumbing installations heavily depends
on the strict observance of the natural laws of nature.
Waste pipes are generally smaller than soil pipes because of the kind of waste it receives
from the various plumbing fixtures. Meaning pwede hya maging mas narrow hit soil pipe kay it
iya gndadara is waste water mn la such as grease, lint, garbage, hair basta mga waste.
Plumbing fixtures are often misused. Household’s refuse of all kinds, are carelessly
disposed of, by flushing them through the plumbing system. This can result to a waste line
stoppage, and deterioration of the pipeline if used improperly. Syempre kay if mali na pipe tim
gamit ha im throughout im plumbing system tapos tm mga gndidispose kay maagi dida tapos dre
ngayan angay dda makakacause tlga hya hn problem like mabara or whatever. If sugad mangyari
then pwede ghap magdeteriorate it im pipeline tungod na always na mn la nabara and all.
So before magdive completely ha waste pipe and soil pipe, madiscuss kita briefly han
three major components ht plumbing system namely: the Drainage, the Waste, and the Vent or
simply called DWV.
The Drainage Pipe refers to the installation that receives and conveys discharges from
water closet with or without waste coming from other fixtures.
The Waste Pipe is any pipe in a drainage installation that receives discharges of any
fixture except water closet and conveys the same to soil branch, soil pipe, or house drain. Fixture
refers to slop sink, lavatory, urinals, bathtub and the like except the water closet.
The Vent Pipe functions as air passage or conduct to ventilate the drainage and waste
pipe installation.
Human waste is discharged by the water closet meaning it only passes through either the
soil branch, soil pipe, soil stack or the house drain. Soil branch is the horizontal pipe affixed by
the word soil, which connotes as the pipe that receives the discharge from the water closet. On
the other hand, if these wastes don’t come from the water closet, then it doesn’t pass through the
soil branch and therefore passes through the waste pipe. In simpler words, basta human waste
ngani or any waste na gndidiscahrge ht water closet, given na nga ha soil branch or soil pipe hya
mapass through pero dre ngani hya tikang ha water closet automatically ha waste pipe hya
maagi.

General Conditions for a Good Waste Pipe Installation

 By making the right choice of materials
 By conservative use of fittings
 Right location of the cleanouts
 Right slope or grade of the pipelines
 Using the right size of pipes
 Correct manner of joining the pipe
  Providing stable and rigid support
The Right Choice of Materials
The type of material or materials to be considered depends on the character of the waste
to be drained, and the services it is intended for.
For example, if it waste na gndidischarge kay may large amount hin acid disposal, of
course mafind ka hn material na fitting for that kind of waste like acid resistant na material. Pero
nadepend la lwat ito ht quantity na iya gndidischarge kay if very small quantities la lwat, then dre
na hya narequire hn acid resistant an pipe.
Conservative Use of Fittings
The smooth flow of waste inside pipes is a primary consideration in all types of plumbing
installations. Most of the waste line pipe failures are because of attributing unwanted accessories
or the wrong type of fittings. Conservative use of fittings refers to the right choice of the right
kind of fittings for a particular change of directions, turns or offsets.
Injudicious use of fittings should not be allowed in plumbing installations. Shorts cuts
that will not allow smooth passage of waste should be avoided. Meaning poor judgment or basta
basta la na fitting or mga short cuts is not allowed kay amo it nagiging reason ht mga pipe
failures labi na if dre ini naprovide hn smooth flow hn passage kay possible pa hya mkaguba.
Pipe joints and fittings were specifically designed to make smooth changes of directions,
turns, or offsets. But sometimes, their application may not be in accordance with the purpose for
which they were made.
Pipe Installations that fails or break too soon, mat have been due to any of the following
causes:
 The use of too many fittings and,
 The use of wrong type of fittings
In other words, dapat gneexamine ngan gnkikita tuhay if tama ba na choice ngan tama na kind of
fitting para ht mga directions, turns and all an im napili. If basta basta ka la nagpili tas rush ka
nagbutang anf short cuts pa, possible magresult hn fails or maguba hya dayon.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
1. Do not use short radius fittings on a vertical to horizontal directions or horizontal to
horizontal changes.
2. Use long sweep fittings on horizontal changes,
3. For vertical to horizontal direction of changes, the Y and 45° fittings are most appropriate
4. The T fitting was designed for vertical run with lateral branches only. Its use on
horizontal installation will create a tilted or crooked joint connection called “Premature
Waste Line Defects.”
Location of Cleanout
The waste pipe installation must be provided with an ample number of cleanouts,
strategically located, to be opened in case of pipeline trouble. Cleanout is a receptacle of the
plumbing system accessible on floor, walls or ceiling. It is equipped with a plug or flush plate so
designed as not to impair the aesthetical view of the room.
The location of this must be indicated in the plan. It should be sized equal to the diameter
of the waste pipe, where it is connected. Reason for this is to avoid interference in the rodding or
cleaning process. Cleanout must be readily accessible to the plumber in case of waste line
stoppage.
Right Slope or Grade of Waste Pipes
The ideal position of horizontal waste pipe, were those installed at 2% slope. Meaning,
the pipe was installed with the inclined ratio of 2 centimeters per meter length. For instance, a 3
meters pipe installed as a waste line will have an inclination of 3 x 2 = 6 centimeters.
Waste pipe must be of sufficient diameter to afford adequate velocity of flow in order to
make them as nearly self-scouring as is practical. The latest scientific tests and experiments
conducted by the Housing and Home Finance Agency, showed that, wet venting and stack
venting are safe in certain type of installation. The experiment revealed that the Trap Seal Loss
occurs when the grade or slope of the pipe is increased from 2% to 4%.
Trap Seal Loss means loss or escape of standing water inside the P-Trap. This is usually
caused by siphonage induced by rapid flow of water inside the pipe. It is also referred to as
Water Seal Escape.
Manner of Joining Pipes
Injudicious connection of fittings should not be permitted in any plumbing installation.
Each kind of pipe has its own manner of joining recommended and specified by the
manufacturers. For instance, cast iron pipes are joined by the use of oakum and lead at the hub
and spigot connections. Remember that any alteration or deviation from the manufacturer’s
specifications will only endanger the effectiveness of the pipe joints.
Determining the Size of Waste Pipe
The National Plumbing Code provides that:
“The waste pipe diameter shall be adequate enough to serve the installation of fixtures in a
general way, but the best way is to fit the diameters of commercial pipe into the fixture pattern in
the most efficient manner.”
The size of the pipe intended to receive fixture wastes must be of sufficient diameter to
accommodate velocity of flow making them as nearly scouring as necessary to prevent siltation
of waste inside the pipe.
Scouring means to flush or wash to remove dirt and grease by flowing through. There are those
who believed that making the drainage pipe larger than what is necessary, will increase its
service efficiency. This received a lot of disagreements due to the lack of scientific basis,
however it was resolved when the Uniform Plumbing Code Committee formulated data as guide
and references in determining the size of the waste and other drain pipes.
THE UNIFORM PLUMBING CODE COMMITTEE’S CONCLUSIONS:
1. Increasing the size of the drainage pipe does not guarantee effective scouring action, or
self-cleaning ability of the pipe, however if the liquid and waste inside the pipe flow
simultaneously together, this is when the self-cleaning ability is present.
2. Water flow in a larger pipe is relatively shallow. Solid waste does not flow on shallow
water but tend to remain at the bottom of the pipe. This is practically the common cause
of the many clogging of drainage installation.
3. Drainage pipe must be proper size to have a liquid flow of about 50% of the pipe
diameter. Meaning, that the water flowing inside the pipe must have a depth equal to ½
the diameter of the pipe. For instance, if the pipe is 100 mm(4”) diameter the water flow
inside the pipe must have a depth of 50 mm(2”) to attain scouring action. This is where
the importance of the slopes comes in.
4. On the other hand, installations that are too small in size is subject to overflow. The
tendency is to create back pressure, siphonage and floor flooding.
The Fixture Unit
 The National Plumbing Code strongly indorsed the use of Fixture Unit Value as waste
load in determining the size of the waste pipe and the manner of its installation.
The Uniform Plumbing Code Committee conducted numerous tests on various plumbing
fixtures in order to determine the amount of water each fixture discharges in one-minute interval
through their outlet orifices.
- Table for Fixture Unit Values -
The test result showed that a wash basin being one of the smallest fixtures, discharge
waste at approximately one-cubic foot of water per minute interval.
One Fixture Unit is what they call the water discharge that is representing one cubic foot or 30
liters of waste discharge by the fixture in one-minute interval. This the “Unit Fixture that the
Committee decided to establish based on their findings.
- Table Size chuchu -
With the information and data from Table 5-1, the student must be familiarized with the
relation between fixture unit values, and the size of the drainage pipe required.
HOW TO USE THE TABLES?
Determine the number of each fixtures then multiply by the corresponding fixture units as
presented in Table 1 then refer to Table 2 for the size of pipe.
ILLUSTRATIONS:
1. Determine the size of a horizontal waste pipe to serve 5 urinals, 3 lavatories, 8 showers
and 2 slop sinks.
Solution:
Find the fixture unit referring to Table 1, then multiply
5 urinals x 5 units 25 units
3 lavatories x 1 unit 3 units
8 showers x 2 units 16 units
2 slop sink x 3 units 6 units
Total 50 units
Refer to Table 2 under the column of one horizontal branch, 50 units could be well served by
a 100 mm or 4 inches pipe.
Although 100 mm is a pipe with a capacity of 160 units and it seems large to cater a 50-
unit fixture, this would still fall under the parameter of 100 mm since this is under the National
Plumbing Code and must be followed without questions. Your plumbing design must be
determined by a computation but no matter what the result it, the Plumbing Code must be
followed which is why whatever is written in Table 1 and 2 must prevail.
Waste Pipe and Other Fixtures