Worksite Hazard

Analysis
 Objectives
• Discuss the sub elements of worksite hazard analysis
• Identify typical hazards in the workplace
• Review various techniques that can be used to identify hazards
in the workplace
 Hazards Vs. Unsafe
Behavior
• Unsafe behavior sometimes leads to unsafe conditions that can
cause accidents.
o Consider Maintenance Operations

• Unsafe behaviors may show weakness in the safety

management system.
 Effective Worksite Analysis
• Worksite analysis involves a variety of worksite
examinations, to identify not only existing hazards, but
also conditions and operations where changes might
occur to create hazards
• Effective management actively analyzes the work and the
worksite to anticipate and prevent harmful occurrences
Plan for Worksite Analysis
• Comprehensive Facility
Surveys
• Change Analysis
• Routine Job Hazard
Analysis (JHA)
• Periodic and Daily
Inspections
 Comprehensive Survey
• Comprehensive surveys should be performed depending on
the business size and hazardousness every 1-3 years
• Resources for comprehensive survey: private consultants,
insurance company, and state funded programs
 Change Analysis
• Change analysis is simply the management of change in the
work environment.
• Changes in the following items need to be reviewed:
o Facilities
o Materials
o Process Technology
o Equipment
 Change Analysis
• A competent team consisting of managers, engineers,
superintendents and employees should be involved
• How can you best manage change in the work environment?
 Job Hazard Analysis
• A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on job tasks
as a way to identify hazards before they occur.
• It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the
tools, and the work environment.
• After uncontrolled hazards are identified, take action to
eliminate them or reduce risk.
 Job Hazard Analysis
• Performing a job hazard analysis is one of the best methods to
develop safe work procedures for the equipment that is
operated.
• The JHA can also be used to train employees in the hazards
associated with task and what control measures should be
practiced.
 JHA Team
• A Job Hazard Analysis requires the cooperation of all parties
involved that includes:
o Safety Professional
o Engineers-Technical Advisor
o Supervisors-Frontline Personnel responsible for making change
o Employee-Person most familiar with job
 Communication of the JHA
• Safety Meetings
• Distribution of Copies
• SOP and Operations Manual
• What are some other methods?
o ___________________
o ___________________
 What are the Possible
Uses of a JHA
• 1._________________________
• 2._________________________
• 3._________________________
 Prioritization of JHA
• Jobs with the highest • Jobs complex enough to have
injury and illness rates written instructions
• Jobs that have the • Jobs that are new to you facility
potential to cause serious • Jobs that significantly had
injury changes in process technology
or procedures
• Jobs in which one simple
human error could cause
injury
 Steps for JHA
• Involve Employees • List, rank, and set
• Review accident history priorities for hazardous
• Conduct preliminary job jobs
review • Outline the steps or tasks
 Involvement of Employees
• They have a unique understanding of the job, and this
knowledge is invaluable for finding hazards.
• Involving employees will help minimize oversights, ensure a
quality analysis.
• Get workers to “buy in” to the solutions because they will
share ownership
 Job Review
• Discuss with employees the hazards that they know exist.
• Brainstorm with them for ideas to eliminate or control those
hazards.
• If any hazards exist that pose an immediate danger, to an
employee’s life or health, take immediate action to protect the
worker.
• Any problems that can be corrected easily should be corrected
as soon as possible.
 Outline the Steps
• Watch the employee perform the job and list each step as the
worker takes it.
• Be sure to record enough information to describe each job
action without getting overly detailed.
• Avoid making the breakdown of steps so detailed that it
becomes unnecessarily long or so broad that it does not
include basic steps.
 Outline the Steps
• Review the job steps with the employee to make sure you have
not omitted something.
• Include the employee in all phases of the analysis—from
reviewing the job steps and procedures to discussing
uncontrolled hazards and recommended solutions.
 Identifying the Hazards
• A job hazard analysis is an exercise in detective work. Your
goal is to discover the following:
o What can go wrong?
o What are the consequences?
o How could it arise?
o What are other contributing factors?
o How likely is it that the hazard will occur?
 Common Hazards in the
Workplace
Stressor Hazard Hazard Type Hazard Type
Type
Chemical Corrosive Fire Toxic
Explosion
Electrical Shock Short Circuit Fire-Static

Mechanical Moving Failure Noise

Parts Pressure
Ergonomic Strain Human Error Fatigue
 Common Hazards in the
Workplace
Stressor Hazard Hazard Type Hazard
Type Type
Radiation Ionizing Non
Ionizing
Contact Struck By Struck Caught In
Against
Environment Temp. Visibility Weather

Misc. Slips Trips Falls

 Hazard Identification
Workshop
• Based on the following slides of machinery, identify the
potential hazards.
o Hint: Use the previous tables and analyze the machinery and work environment

• Prepare to discuss your findings.

Hazard Identification
Hazard Identification
Hazard Identification
Hazard Identification
 Controlling the Hazards
• The order of precedence and effectiveness of hazard control is
the following:
o 1. Engineering controls.
o 2. Administrative controls.
o 3. Personal protective equipment.
 Controlling the Hazards
• The most effective controls are engineering controls that
physically change a machine or work environment to prevent
employee exposure to the hazard.
• The more reliable or less likely a hazard control can be
circumvented, the better.
• If this is not feasible, administrative controls may be
appropriate.
• This may involve changing how employees do their jobs.
 Controlling the Hazards
• Discuss your recommendations with all employees who
perform the job and consider their responses carefully.
• If you plan to introduce new or modified job procedures, be
sure they understand what they are required to do and the
reasons for the changes.
 Engineering Controls
• Engineering controls include the following:
o Elimination/minimization of the hazard
o Substitution of equipment or process to decrease hazard
o Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guards, blast
shields, or other means; and
o Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local and
exhaust ventilation.
 Administrative Controls
• Administrative controls include the following:
o Written operating procedures, work permits, and safe work
practices;
o Exposure time limitations (used most commonly to control heat
stress and ergonomic hazards);
o Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials;
o Alarms, signs, and warnings;
o Buddy system; and training
 PPE
• Personal Protective Equipment is acceptable as a control
method in the following circumstances:
o When engineering controls are not feasible or do not totally
eliminate the hazard;
o While engineering controls are being developed;
o When safe work practices do not provide sufficient additional
protection; and
o During emergencies when engineering controls may not be
feasible.
JHA Exercise
• We are going to perform
an exercise on grinding
metal casting.
• Based on the steps, please
identify the hazards and
controls.
 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

Job Title:
Job Description:
Date Conducted

Task Step Task Hazard Cause Hazard Control

Measures

Comments:
 Periodic Review of JHA
• Reviewing job hazard analysis
ensures that it remains current
and continues to prevent
accidents and injuries.
• It is possible that during the
review process you will identify
hazards that were not identified
in the initial analysis.
• Review the JHA after
accidents, you may determine
that you need to change the job
procedure to prevent similar
incidents.
• Review after all close calls and
discuss the situation with all
employees that do the job.
Safety and Health
Inspections
• Cover entire worksite
• Regular intervals
• Inspectors trained
• Hazards tracked to
correction
 Objectives for Inspections
• There may be many objectives to the inspection process:
o Meet OSHA or other legal responsibility
o Involve the team
o Identify areas of undue risk and control hazards
o Identify and develop positive attitudes
o Suggest better methods of doing job
 Inspections
• OSHA recommends that you perform general workplace
inspections.
• Check the standard so that you know what must be inspected.
• What are some examples of items that must be inspected?
 Employee Involvement
• What are some reasons for involving employees in the
process?
o Demonstrate commitment to safety
o Allow them to become familiar with the process safety requirement.
o _____________________
o _____________________
o _____________________
 Documenting the
Inspection
• A checklist of workplace specific hazards should be
developed. To accomplish this:
o List the potential hazards in the workplace
o Examine the work areas to locate hazards
o Check with employees and records
 Resources for Checklist
• Insurance and safety consultants
• Accident/incident investigation reports (past problems)
• Small business handbook
• Manufacturer Specifications
• JHA and/or employee input
• Standards that apply to industry
 Checklist Development
• Avoid making the checklist: vague, excessive detail, and
overwhelming.
• Checklist is a tool.
• As the inspectors become more skilled, the less reliance there
will be on this checklist.
• You should get the point that hazards rarely are identified and
hazards are corrected immediately.
 Examination of the
Workplace
• Identify conditions that might develop
• Location of the hazard
• Severity potential
Safety Inspection Report
 Safety Inspection
Workshop
• Mock inspection of a company is to be performed.
• Identify the hazards in the slides and rate the severity.
• Be prepared to discuss your results.
 Inspection Report
Date: Inspection Team:

Number & Findings

Classification

Hazard Classification
A = Loss of life, body part, extensive damage
B = Serious injury or property damage
C = Non-disabling injury or minor damage
Safety Inspection
Safety Inspection
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Safety Inspection
 Hazard Reporting
• Effective hazard reporting systems will:
o encourage employees to report hazards and effectively track them for prioritizing.
o create feedback between management and the employee reporting the hazard.
o have a system to analysis the hazards reported to determine its effectiveness.
 Accident Investigation
• All accidents and incidents need to be investigated.
• What is an accident?
• Why do we investigate accidents?
• Why should near misses be investigated?
Accident Investigation
Causes of Injuries and
Accidents
• Direct Causes
• Indirect Causes
• Root Causes
 Trend Analysis
• Trends need to analyzed over time to identify any emerging
patterns of injury and intervene to prevent its recurrence.
• Review injury records over time
• What items should be trended over time to determine any
emerging pattern?
 Summary
• Worksite hazard analysis consists of:
o Change analysis
o JHA
o Workplace inspections
o Hazard Reporting
o Trend Analysis
• Effective programs will result in the identification of potential
and existing hazards.
Task Analysis Tools
Review the Basics
• Risk Factors

• Ergonomic Body Divisions

Risk Factors
• Force

• Frequency

• Posture

• Duration

• Contact Stress

• Environment

• Vibration
Ergonomic Body Division
• Upper Extremity

• Lower Extremity

• Trunk
Recognizing a WMSD Problem
• Use OSHA 200/300 logs

• Accident Reports

• Workman’s Compensation info

• Employee Surveys

• Visual Cues
Discomfort
Form
and Rating
Scale
What is a Task Analysis Tool
• A narrative, quantitative and/or checklist
system that provides a standardized evaluation
of a job/task

• Tools based on biomechanical and

physiological information compiled and
calculated providing a relative risk of
injury probability

• Can be specific for body region and/or

risk factors
Why do we need these tools?
• Provide guidance
• Where to begin corrective actions
• Helps direct efforts toward specific body division, risk factors

• Involve employees
• Employees can perform assessments

• Provide a level of measurement

• Shows improvement of tasks
• Baseline data
 How do we use them?

Two criteria for use:

• What are you trying to find out?

• General vs. Specific information

• What limitations must be considered?

• Various tools are only able to assess

specific body regions
Types of Analysis Tools

Checklists

• Easy to use

• Less time consuming

• Minimal training

• Very sensitive: One check,

task must be considered
Types of Analysis Tools

Quantitative

• Less sensitive
More specific training

• Provide a relative risk assessment

Types of Analysis Tools

Narrative

• More formal training and

experience required

• Provides specific areas

for improvement

• Very time consuming

 Checklists

• Washington State Checklist (WISHA)

• NIOSH

• University of Michigan
 WISHA

• Checklist system that identifies

“caution or hazard zone jobs”

• Incorporates each of the risk factors

including vibration and contact stress

• Has separate evaluation for heavy,

frequent or awkward lifting

• Uses verbal cues to guide user through

evaluation criteria

• Not generally left or right side independent

 WISHA

 Does address combination of risk factors

 Great “first cut” ergonomic tool

 Draw Backs
• High sensitivity: identify many jobs
• Doesn’t separate frequency component
by body part
 Using WISHA

 3 basic sections
• Entire body checklist
• Lifting hazard section
• Vibration hazard analysis

 Entire body checklist

• Identify if a particular hazard exist as a
result of a risk factor for a body part
• If a hazard exists then corrective action is
needed
 Using WISHA

 Lifting hazard analysis

• Calculated weight limit is adjusted by:

• Compares the actual weight lifted to a

calculated weight limit

• Actual weight lifted > Weight limit =

Hazard exists
 Using WISHA

 Vibration hazard analysis

• Compares the time an employee uses the

machine to a pre-measured vibration
value

• Plot time vs. vibration data on graph

• Intersection point indicates degree of

hazard

• Vibration data: www.lni.wa.gov/wisha/ergo

Job Strain
 Quantitative Tools

 Job Strain Index

 Rapid Upper Limb Assessment

 ACGIH Threshold Limit Value – HAL

 Rapid Entire Body Assessment

 Rodgers Muscle Fatigue Analysis

 Snook Push/Pull Hazard Tables

 Job Strain Index

 Only evaluates hand, wrist and elbow

(distal upper extremity)

 Assess task based on posture, frequency

and force

 FORCE driven

 Doesn’t consider vibration or contact stress

 Index based on a relative risk (1-1053)

• 7 considered hazardous
 Job Strain Index

 Can assess right and left sides independently as

well as worst case

 Used in meat packing, small part assembly,

keyboarding and other highly repetitive hand
motions
Strain Index Elements

 Intensity of exertions (force)

 Duration of Exertion (% cycle)

 Efforts per minute

 Hand/wrist posture

 Speed of work

 Duration of task per day

 Using the Job Strain Index

 Assign a value for each of the 6 elements

 Multiply each element = strain index

 Compare calculated value to decision threshold

provided

 Decision Threshold
• <3 safe
• 3-5 uncertain
• 5-7 some risk
•
Job Strain
Job Strain
JHA/Work Methods
 JHA/Work Methods

Videotaping Tips

 Announce the name of the job on the tape

 Tape 5 to 10 minutes for each task

 At least 3-4 cycles

 Start with whole body shots and then zoom in on

problems areas

 Try different angles to get the best shot

 JHA/Work Methods

Step 1: Breaking The Job Down

 List each step in order of occurrence

 Be sure to record enough information

 Can use Gilbreth’s terms to describe steps

 Can use video or photos

 JHA/Work Methods

Gilbreth’s Table of Work Elements

• Search • Assemble
• Select • Disassemble
• Grasp • Use
• Reach • Unavoidable Delay
• Move • Avoidable Delay
• Hold • Plan
• Position • Rest to overcome fatigue
• Inspect
 JHA/Work Methods

Step 2: Identify the Hazards

 Look for Risk Factors in each job

 Repeat the job observation until all

hazards identified
• Video and photos can be especially helpful

 Consider abnormal activities and conditions

 JHA/Work Methods

Step 3: New Procedure or Protection

 Can the job be performed in another way?

 Can you make physical changes to the job?

 Does the job have to be performed?

Can it be done less often?
Work Methods
Work Methods
What does the worker need to
know from this presentation?