5 Macro Skills in

English
 Reading
"Reading" is the process of looking at a series of
written symbols and getting meaning from them.
When we read, we use our eyes to receive written
symbols (letters, punctuation marks and spaces)
and we use our brain to convert them into words,
sentences and paragraphs that communicate
something to us.
Reading can be silent (in our head) or aloud (so
that other people can hear).

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 Writing
"Writing" is the process of using symbols (letters of the
alphabet, punctuation and spaces) to communicate
thoughts and ideas in a readable form.
Generally, we write using a pen/pencil (handwriting) or
a keyboard (typing). With a pen/pencil we usually write
on a surface such as paper or whiteboard. A keyboard is
normally attached to a typewriter, computer or mobile
device. Voice recognition programs allow those who
can't see or use their hands to have their thoughts
transcribed

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 Listening
Listening is receiving language through the ears.
Listening involves identifying the sounds of speech and
processing them into words and sentences. When we
listen, we use our ears to receive individual sounds
(letters, stress, rhythm and pauses) and we use our brain
to convert these into messages that mean something to
us.
Listening in any language requires focus and attention. It
is a skill that some people need to work at harder than
others. People who have difficulty concentrating are
typically poor listeners. Listening in a second language
requires even greater focus.

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 Speaking
Speaking is the delivery of language through the mouth.
To speak, we create sounds using many parts of our
body, including the lungs, vocal tract, vocal chords,
tongue, teeth and lips
This vocalized form of language usually requires at least
one listener. When two or more people speak or talk to
each other, the conversation is called a "dialogue".
Speech can flow naturally from one person to another in
the form of dialogue. It can also be planned and
rehearsed, as in the delivery of a speech or presentation.

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 Viewing
- an act, ceremony, or occasion of seeing, watching, or
inspecting:
the viewing of a corpse.
- an instance of watching television:
Which channel offers the best viewing?

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Parts of Speech
 What is a Part of Speech?
We can categorize English words into 9
basic types called "parts of speech" or "word
classes". It's quite important to recognize
parts of speech. This helps you to analyze
sentences and understand them. It also helps
you to construct good sentences.

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 Verb
Verb- are words that show action in a sentence. Just like nouns and adjectives,
they’re one of the eight parts of speech.

Verbs also show:

+ the tense (time period) of a sentence
+ agreement with the subject of a sentence
+ a noun’s state of being
+ more information about a noun

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 Noun
noun (noun): a word (except a pronoun) that identifies a person, place or thing, or
names one of them (proper noun)

The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples:
+ person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary
+ place: home, office, town, countryside, America
+ thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey

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 Adjective
Adjectives are an important part of speech. They usually describe a person or thing.
They tell us what somebody or something is like. Adjectives are words that describe
people, places, or things. "Old," "green," and "cheerful" are examples of adjectives.
(It might be useful to think of adjectives as "describing words.")

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Determiner
Determiner (noun): a word like the, an, this or some that comes at the beginning of
a noun phrase.
Main Determiners
These are the main determiners. There can be only ONE main determiner in a noun
phrase (for more about this, see order of determiners)
Articles
a/an, the
Demonstrative Determiners
this/that, these/those
Possessive Determiners
my, your, his, her, its, our, their

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Determiner
Determiner (noun): a word like the, an, this or some that comes at the beginning of
a noun phrase.
Pre-Determiners and Post-Determiners
Pre-determiners come before main determiners and post-determiners come after main
determiners. (For how many and where, see order of determiners.)
Quantifiers
all, every, most, many, much, some, few, little, any, no...
Numbers
cardinal and ordinal numbers
double/twice/three times...
Interrogative Determiners
whose, what, which

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 Adverb
Adverbs are an important part of speech. They usually answer
questions such as how? where? when? how often? and how much?

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 Pronoun
Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. Pronouns
are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... We can use
a pronoun instead of a noun. If we didn't have pronouns, we would
have to repeat a whole lot of nouns.

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Pronoun
Pronoun Types
Personal Pronouns
+ I, me, you, he, him, she...
Demonstrative Pronouns
+ this, that, these, those
Possessive Pronouns
+ mine, yours, his...
Interrogative Pronouns
+ who, what, which...
Reflexive Pronouns
+ myself, yourself, himself...
Reciprocal Pronouns
+ each other, one another
Indefinite Pronouns
+ another, much, nobody, few, such...
Relative Pronouns
+ who, whom, which...
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 Preposition
Prepositions are very common words. Seven of them are in the
top 20 words in English. Prepositions link a word to another part
of the sentence and tell us what the relationship is, for example in
space or time.

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 Conjunction
A conjunction is a word like and, but, although, because.
Conjunctions have an important function because they join other
words and phrases together. Without conjunctions, we could only
make very, very simple sentences.

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 Interjection
Interjection is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short
exclamations like Oh!, Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical
value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than
in writing.
When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no
grammatical connection to the sentence.
An interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!)
when written.

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Grammar
Rules on Subject-Verb Agreement

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 Rules on Subject-Verb Agreement
1. If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too.
Example: She writes every day.
Exception: When using the singular "they," use plural verb forms.
Example: The participant expressed satisfaction with their job.
They are currently in a managerial role at the organization.

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 Rules on Subject-Verb Agreement
2. If the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural.
Example: They write every day.

Sometimes, however, it seems a bit more complicated than this.

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 Rules on Subject-Verb Agreement
3. When the subject of the sentence is composed of two or more
nouns or pronouns connected by and, use a plural verb.
Example: The doctoral student and the committee members write
every day.

Example: The percentage of employees who called in sick and the

number of employees who left their jobs within 2 years are
reflective of the level of job satisfaction.

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 Rules on Subject-Verb Agreement
4. When there is one subject and more than one verb, the verbs
throughout the sentence must agree with the subject.
Example: Interviews are one way to collect data and allow
researchers to gain an in-depth understanding of participants.

Example: An assumption is something that is generally accepted

as true and is an important consideration when conducting a
doctoral study.

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 Rules on Subject-Verb Agreement
5. When a phrase comes between the subject and the verb, remember that the verb
still agrees with the subject, not the noun or pronoun in the phrase following the
subject of the sentence.
Example: The student, as well as the committee members, is excited.
Example: The student with all the master’s degrees is very motivated.
Example: Strategies that the teacher uses to encourage classroom participation
include using small groups and clarifying expectations.
Example: The focus of the interviews was nine purposively selected participants.

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 Rules on Subject-Verb Agreement
6. When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by
"or" or "nor," use a singular verb.
Example: The chairperson or the CEO approves the proposal
before proceeding.

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 Rules on Subject-Verb Agreement
7. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or
pronoun joined by "or" or "nor," the verb should agree with the part of the
subject that is closest to the verb. This is also called the rule of proximity.
Example: The student or the committee members write every day.

Example: The committee members or the student writes every day.

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 Rules on Subject-Verb Agreement
The words and phrases "each," "each one," "either," "neither," "everyone,"
"everybody," "anyone," "anybody," "nobody," "somebody," "someone," and "no
one" are singular and require a singular verb.
Example: Each of the participants was willing to be recorded.
Example: Neither alternative hypothesis was accepted.
Example: I will offer a $5 gift card to everybody who participates in the study.
Example: No one was available to meet with me at the preferred times.

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 Rules on Subject-Verb Agreement
9. Noncount nouns take a singular verb.

Example: Education is the key to success.

Example: Diabetes affects many people around the world.
Example: The information obtained from the business owners was relevant to
include in the study.
Example: The research I found on the topic was limited.

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 Rules on Subject-Verb Agreement
10. Some countable nouns in English such as earnings, goods, odds, surroundings,
proceeds, contents, and valuables only have a plural form and take a plural verb.

Example: The earnings for this quarter exceed expectations.

Example: The proceeds from the sale go to support the homeless population in the
city.
Example: Locally produced goods have the advantage of shorter supply chains

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 Rules on Subject-Verb Agreement
11. In sentences beginning with "there is" or "there are," the subject follows the
verb. Since "there" is not the subject, the verb agrees with what follows the verb.

Example: There is little administrative support.

Example: There are many factors affecting teacher retention.

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 Rules on Subject-Verb Agreement
12. Collective nouns are words that imply more than one person but are considered
singular and take a singular verb. Some examples are "group," "team," "committee,"
"family," and "class."
Example: The group meets every week.
Example: The committee agrees on the quality of the writing.

However, the plural verb is used if the focus is on the individuals in the group. This
is much less common.
Example: The committee participate in various volunteer activities in their private
lives.

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Thanks You
For Listening!
- Mrs. Mary Jane G. Sabiniano

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