Distance Protection for transmission

lines: part 1
Power Transmission
and Distribution

©
Siemens AG 2006
Why impedance protection?

Situation: Meshed network and two infeeds

Directional overcurrent time relays

0,6s 0,3s

0,6s 0,3s

0,6s 0,3s

0,6s 0,3s
non-selective trip
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 2 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection – Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Basic principle of impedance protection

Localization of short-circuits by means of an impedance measurement:

- fault on the protected line

Z1

relay A

- fault outside the protected line Z2

relay A

selectivity

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 3 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection – Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Distance measurement (principle)

IL1 ZL

IL2 ZL = RL + j X L

IL3
ZE = RE +j XE
IE ZE

UL1 UL2 UL3

6 loops: 3 phase- phase loops and

3 phase- ground loops

phase- phase -loop: UL1-L2 = ZL ( IL1 - IL2)

Measured current
measured voltage

The same applies to the remaining loops

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 4 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection – Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Distance measurement (principle)

IL1 ZL

IL2
ZL = RL + j XL
IL3

IE ZE ZE = RE +j XE

UL1 UL2 UL3

phase-ground-loop:
UL1 = L1 · ( RL + j XL )- E · ( RE +j XE)

L1, E measured current

UL1 measured voltage

The same applies to the remaining loops

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 5 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection – Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Load and short-circuit impedances
ZL
distance relay
operating ZLF1
characteristic ZLF2

Fault area
X RF RF
ZL F1 F2 ZLoad
D
Phase - Phase Fault
ZLF2 ZF2
RR RR  RF / 2

ZLoad
Phase - Earth Fault
RR
ZLF1 ZF1 l oad RR  RF /(1 + RE/RL)
re a s in g
I nc
L
Minimum Load Impedance:
SC2 Minimum voltage 0,9 Un
SC1 R
Fault in Maximum current 1,1 In
reverse Maximum angle  30°
direction Load area

Siemens AG 2006
©

Page 6 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection – Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Principle of (analog) distance relaying
ISC
ZS A ZL B

ZSC
E

U1= k1 USC= k1 ISCZSC.

Relay design:
comparator operation if
U1< U2
i.e. ZSC< ZReplica

X ZReplica
U2=k2 ISCZReplica Ext. fault
ZReplica (line replica impedance)
Internal fault
(corresponds to the set zone reach)
R

Siemens AG 2006
©

Page 7 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection – Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Graded distance zones

Z3
t = grading time
time Z2 t3
Z1 t2

t1

A B C D
D1 D2 D3

distance
Grading rules:
Safety margin is 15 %:
Z1 = 0,85 ZAB
- line error
Z2 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 ZBC) - CT, VT error
- measuring error
Z3 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 (ZBC + 0,85 ZCD))
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 9 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection – Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Impedance zones of digital relays (7SA6 and 7SA52)

for
wa
X Distance zones

rds
Line
Inclined with line angle 
Z5
Angle  prevents overreach of Z1
Z4 on faults with fault resistance
Z2 that are fed from both line
Z1B ends

Z1
rev
e rse

Load  Load

forw
ard Fault detection
s
no fault detection polygon: the
largest zone determines the
Z3
fault detection characteristic
simple setting of load
encroachment area with
rev
er s

Rmin and Load

e

©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 19 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection – Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Zone grading chart, radial feeder

Z3
Z2
A Z1 B C D

D D D >> ZT
>t


Z1 = 0.85 ZA-B Grading according

the recommendation
Z2 = 0.85 (ZA-B + 0.85 ZB-C) with the safety margin
of 15%.
Z3 = 0.85 [ ZA-B + 0.85 (ZB-C+ 0.85 ZC-D) ]
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 20 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection – Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Ring feeder: with grading against opposite end

grading time
(s)
0.6
0.3

The same grading from both sides

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Siemens AG 2006
Page 21 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection – Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Grading in a branched radial system
Z3

L2

Z1 L3

L1
Z2

L4

The impedances of the Z2 and Z3 must be grading with the shortest impedance
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 22 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection – Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution