1.

TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
• is a soft, nonmagnetic silvery metal
1.06 Zinc • characterized by its light weight (1/3 that of iron, brass
1.07 Brass or copper)
1.08 Bronze • low melting point
1.09 Chromium
• high thermal and electrical conductivity (surpassed
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead only by silver and copper)
2. METHODS OF • moderately high coefficient of expansion
JOINING METALS • readily combines with oxygen to form aluminum
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing oxide, a transparent film that makes it corrosion
2.03 Welding resistant
2.04 Rivets • is readily attacked by alkalis, hydrochloric acid and
3. METALS FOR other dilute acids.
CONCRETE • is subject to galvanic action and should therefore be
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars electrically insulated from direct contact with metals
3.02 Wire Fabric other than zinc, cadmium, magnesium and nonmagnetic
3.03 Expanded Mesh stainless steel.
3.04 Laths • is easily worked: can be hot or cold rolled, extruded,
4. STORAGE & CARE forged, pressed, drawn, molded, stamped, bent and
FOR METAL shaped.
REINFORCEMENT
• can be riveted, bolted, welded, brazed and soldered.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
In architectural work practically all fabricated forms of
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
aluminum are used:
1.08 Bronze - rod
1.09 Chromium - bar
1.10 Nickel - extrusion
1.11 Lead
- casting
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
- sheet
2.01 Soldering - strip, etc.
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin Extrusion is the process
1.06 Zinc of shaping material by
1.07 Brass
forcing it to flow through a
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
shaped opening in a die.
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead Extruded material
2. METHODS OF emerges as an elongated
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
piece with the same
2.02 Brazing profile as the die opening.
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets However, these products are not fabricated from pure
3. METALS FOR aluminum but in alloy combination with iron, silicon,
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, chromium
3.01 Steel Bars and nickel in small quantities to give strength and other
3.02 Wire Fabric
desirable characteristics but often reduces its corrosion
3.03 Expanded Mesh
resistance.
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin “Alclad” is a term applied to
1.06 Zinc certain aluminum products,
1.07 Brass
refers to the protective coating
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
(cladding) applied, primarily for
1.10 Nickel corrosion resistance, to thin
1.11 Lead sheets of an alloy whose
2. METHODS OF corrosion resistance has been
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
decreased by the constituents
2.02 Brazing added to give strength and
2.03 Welding other characteristics.
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR Cladding improves the
CONCRETE appearance of the alloy. This
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars thin, integral cladding usually
3.02 Wire Fabric consists of pure aluminum,
3.03 Expanded Mesh magnesium silicide, or zinc
3.04 Laths alloys, with or without
4. STORAGE & CARE manganese.
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Types of Aluminum:
1.06 Zinc
• ALUMINUM SHEET AND
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze STRIP, used for roofing,
1.09 Chromium flashing, gutter, etc
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
• ALUMINUM FOIL - rolled to a thickness of 0.005”
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
(above 0.005” it is technically considered to be
3. METALS FOR
sheet), used mainly for thermal insulation and vapor
CONCRETE barriers.
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
It may serve also as a surface finish material when
3.02 Wire Fabric laminated to various sheet and board materials. In
3.03 Expanded Mesh this form it also supplies additional insulation value
3.04 Laths to the sheet or board.
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Types of Aluminum:
1.06 Zinc
• CORRUGATED ALUMINUM. This is rigidized
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze sheet fabricated of special aluminum alloys
1.09 Chromium specifically developed for this purpose. It usually
1.10 Nickel consists of an aluminum alloy core of one type
1.11 Lead clad with another, highly corrosion-resistant
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
aluminum roofing and siding
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Types of Aluminum:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass  STRUCTURAL ALUMINUM.
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium When aluminum is used as a
1.10 Nickel structural material, important
1.11 Lead
factors, arising from its physical
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
and chemical characteristics,
2.01 Soldering are considered:
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding - Aluminum can be extruded; therefore a structural
2.04 Rivets
shape can be produced economically to meet the
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
specified structural design requirements.
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars - Very corrosion resistant aluminum alloys are
3.02 Wire Fabric
available; requiring no painting and the thickness of
3.03 Expanded Mesh
sections can be reduced since a safety margin is not
3.04 Laths
necessary to cover loss of strength due to corrosion.
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Types of Aluminum:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass  STRUCTURAL ALUMINUM.
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium - Aluminum is very lightweight material, hence
1.10 Nickel aluminum girders and columns show increased
1.11 Lead
efficiency with large bay spacing. However, because
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
the modulus of elasticity of aluminum alloys is lower
2.01 Soldering than steel, its means that buckling is a possibility and
2.02 Brazing should always be checked.
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Types of Aluminum:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
 ALUMINUM DOORS AND WINDOWS.
1.08 Bronze These are generally fabricated from
1.09 Chromium extrusions and rolled shapes.
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Types of Aluminum:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze  ALUMINUM PANELS AND SANDWICH PANELS
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
are pre-fabricated units, generally manufactured:
2. METHODS OF
- using dimensions of modular and non-modular
JOINING METALS window-width for building exterior, and
2.01 Soldering - in 600mm, 900mm, and 1200mm widths for interior
2.02 Brazing
partitions and dividers.
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
Panels for the exterior of buildings primarily consist of :
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE - an aluminum exterior facing which may be an
REINFORCEMENT aluminum casting
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
- an extrusion or sheet material which has been
3.03 Expanded Mesh
pressed, stamped or formed into specially design
3.04 Laths
shapes.
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Types of
1.06 Zinc Aluminum:
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
 ALUMINUM PANELS AND SANDWICH PANELS
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead A sandwich panel comprises a system of
2. METHODS OF construction called skin construction.
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
A cellular core of aluminum or other material has
2.03 Welding
a skin of aluminum applied and bonded to both
2.04 Rivets sides, thereby forming a unified whole in which all
3. METALS FOR the components work as one.
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT Floor Panel Wall Panel
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Types of Aluminum:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
 Ornamental aluminum. Many
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
kinds of rods, bars, pipes,
1.10 Nickel railings, fittings, and special
1.11 Lead shapes are manufactured as
2. METHODS OF stock items for use in
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
ornamental design of railings,
2.02 Brazing grilles, screens, etc.
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars  Aluminum Mesh and
3.02 Wire Fabric Wire Cloth are used for
3.03 Expanded Mesh fencing, particularly
3.04 Laths
chain link fencing and
4. STORAGE & CARE insect screening.
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin b. Types of Aluminum Finishes:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass  Mechanical finishes - obtained by grinding
1.08 Bronze polishing, scratching, sandblasting, embossing, or
1.09 Chromium
other treatment of the surface to achieve a desired
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
effect or to provide a base for other finishes.
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS  Chemical finishes - based on chemical reactions
2.01 Soldering with the aluminum surface to achieve one of the
2.02 Brazing
following results:
2.03 Welding
(a) etching, cleaning, or polishing of the surface to
2.04 Rivets
remove any oxide film or surface irregularity and
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
provide a design, a clean surface texture, or a
REINFORCEMENT polished effect; and
3.01 Steel Bars
(b) oxidizing the surface with aluminum or other
3.02 Wire Fabric
metallic oxides that protect the surface or serve as
3.03 Expanded Mesh
a base for subsequent treatment, or both. Chemical
3.04 Laths
finishes permit only limited colors that are not as
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
satisfying as the color films obtained on
REINFORCEMENT electrolytically-applied (anodized) oxide films.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin b. Types of Aluminum Finishes:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass  Electrolytic finishes Commonly referred to as
1.08 Bronze anodized finishes, these finishes are based on
1.09 Chromium the specific ability of aluminum to develop a
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
protective coating of oxide on its surface.
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS The coating formed may be transparent or
2.01 Soldering opaque. It is hard, yet when colored finishes are
2.02 Brazing
desired, it is porous enough to absorb dyes until
2.03 Welding
the final treatment which seals the surface.
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE Of the colors used in anodic treatments,
REINFORCEMENT architectural gold has proven to be one of the
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
most stable from the standpoint of fade
3.03 Expanded Mesh
resistance. Others are blue and, more recently,
3.04 Laths
brown and black
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.01 ALUMINUM
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin b. Types of Aluminum Finishes:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass  Electroplating. Aluminum can be covered with a
1.08 Bronze protective or decorative film or another metal,
1.09 Chromium
usually by electrodeposition. In the case of copper
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
and nickel, the coating should be complete and
2. METHODS OF unbroken; otherwise there will be galvanic action
JOINING METALS which is destructive to aluminum.
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
 Porcelain or Vitreous Enamel. This finish forms a
2.04 Rivets
hard, resistant surface. It is available in a broad
3. METALS FOR
color range that creates a different feeling in that
CONCRETE colors are glassy, whereas anodic color is metallic
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
in nature.
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh  Paint. Paint, lacquer and enamel can be applied as
3.04 Laths finishes to aluminum surfaces that have been
4. STORAGE & CARE prepared by a suitable chemical treatment finish.
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Lead base paints must not be used on aluminum.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.02 IRON
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin Pure iron is
1.06 Zinc • tough,
1.07 Brass
• malleable silvery-white
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium metal that is
1.10 Nickel • soft and ductile as copper
1.11 Lead • it is easily magnetized
2. METHODS OF • is the most magnetically
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering permeable of the metals
2.02 Brazing • it oxidizes rapidly in air
2.03 Welding and is readily attacked by
2.04 Rivets most acids.
3. METALS FOR • can be hardened by
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
heating and sudden
3.01 Steel Bars cooling
3.02 Wire Fabric • and made more pliable or more workable by heating
3.03 Expanded Mesh and slow cooling.
3.04 Laths • At very low temperatures is very brittle
4. STORAGE & CARE • at red heat it is soft, and
FOR METAL • at white heat it can be welded.
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.02 IRON
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin As pure iron passes
1.06 Zinc through these
1.07 Brass
temperature ranges, it
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
undergoes changes in its
1.10 Nickel structure and properties
1.11 Lead that are vitally important
2. METHODS OF in the preparation of
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
steel (an iron-
2.02 Brazing carbonalloy). Pig Iron

2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets The commercial form in which iron is first prepared is
3. METALS FOR crude or pig iron. This impure form which contains 3% to
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT 4% carbon and varying amount of phosphorous, silicon,
3.01 Steel Bars sulfur, and manganese, is the starting point from which all
3.02 Wire Fabric
other kinds of iron and iron alloys (or steel) are produced.
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
The key to the various types of iron and steel is the
4. STORAGE & CARE carbon-iron relationship.
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.02 IRON
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Cast Iron:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass • is an iron-carbon alloy that contains more than
1.08 Bronze 1.7% carbon
1.09 Chromium
• is poured while molten into forms
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
• it can be easily cast into any shape, but it is too
2. METHODS OF
hard and brittle to be shaped by hammering,
JOINING METALS rolling, or pressing.
2.01 Soldering
• Cast iron is used in the architectural field mainly
2.02 Brazing
for piping and fittings, ornamental ironwork,
2.03 Welding
hardware, as the base metal for porcelain
2.04 Rivets
enameled plumbing fixtures, and for
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE miscellaneous casting such as floor and wall
REINFORCEMENT brackets for railings, vents, circular stairs manhole
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
covers, and gratings.
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.02 IRON
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Cast Iron:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
• The types of cast iron generally used are gray cast
1.08 Bronze iron and malleable cast iron. Cast irons find their
1.09 Chromium largest use in heavy machinery and industry because
1.10 Nickel it has significant compressive strength and the ability
1.11 Lead
to absorb energy and stop vibration.
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.02 IRON
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin b. Wrought Iron:
1.06 Zinc • is almost pure iron with
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
less than 0.1% carbon,
1.09 Chromium usually not more than
1.10 Nickel 0.05%.
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF • contains 2.5%, of slag (iron
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering silicate) in purely physical
2.02 Brazing association, not alloyed.
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets • Wrought iron is soft,
3. METALS FOR malleable, tough, fatigue-
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
resistant, and resistant to
3.01 Steel Bars progressive corrosion.
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
• It has good machinability and can be forged, bent,
3.04 Laths
rolled, drawn, and spun. It can be welded by any of
the commonly used procedures. Wrought iron is
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL available in the form of pipes, plates, sheets, special
REINFORCEMENT shapes, and bars.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.02 IRON
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Wrought Iron:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass • Wrought iron is now used in the architectural field
1.08 Bronze primarily in the form of genuine wrought iron pipe, chain,
1.09 Chromium
sheet, and ornamental ironwork. Wrought iron pipe is
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
used extensively for plumbing, heating, and air
2. METHODS OF
conditioning where a corrosion-resistant, tough, durable
JOINING METALS material is required.
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
Because it is intrinsically related to classical architecture
2.03 Welding
and requires high skilled craftsmanship, wrought
2.04 Rivets
ironwork today is used only in furniture, railing, fences,
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE grilles, and small decorative objects.
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.03 STEEL
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
• The word “steel” refers usually to plain carbon steels
1.06 Zinc which is defined as alloys of iron and carbon which
1.07 Brass do not contain more than 2% carbon and which are
1.08 Bronze made in malleable or ingot form.
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
• In the plain or straight carbon steels the iron is always
2. METHODS OF in excess of 95%.
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
• phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen are present,
2.02 Brazing
the last three as impurities.
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
• Manganese, silicon, aluminum, copper and nickel may
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE also be present either as residual impurities or as
REINFORCEMENT elements deliberately added in small quantities to
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
control the properties of the steel.
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
• Carbon steel can be wrought, rolled, cast, and
4. STORAGE & CARE
welded, but not extruded.
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.03 STEEL
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Wrought Carbon Steels:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass  Structural steel. This is a medium carbon steel
1.08 Bronze with its carbon content controlled to give both
1.09 Chromium
the strength and ductility necessary for its use.
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
Structural steel is
JOINING METALS available in angles,
2.01 Soldering
channels, I-beams, H
2.02 Brazing
columns, T shapes,
2.03 Welding
Z shapes, plates,
2.04 Rivets
round pipe columns,
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE sheet piling, open
REINFORCEMENT web joists, and light
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
steel framing shapes.
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.03 STEEL
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Wrought Carbon Steels:
1.06 Zinc
 Reinforcement of concrete . Usually
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
deformed bars of varying grades and
1.09 Chromium diameters.
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.03 STEEL
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Wrought Carbon Steels:
1.06 Zinc  Sheet and strip. Steel sheet is made from
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
low carbon steels generally containing about
1.09 Chromium 0.15% carbon and not exceeding 0.25%
1.10 Nickel carbon. Strip by definition is sheet material
1.11 Lead that is 12” or less wide. It is used in fabricated
2. METHODS OF form as decking galvanized sheet, expanded
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering metal, panels and sandwich panels, and as a
2.02 Brazing base metal for porcelain enamel
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.03 STEEL
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Wrought Carbon Steels:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass  Corrugated steel. This is rigidized sheet
1.08 Bronze fabricated from low-carbon cold or hot-rolled steel
1.09 Chromium sheets which are either galvanized or covered
1.10 Nickel
with some type of bituminous coating. If
1.11 Lead
galvanized, corrugated steel is silvery in color and
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS has a glittering frosted surface. It is generally
2.01 Soldering available in 18, 20, 22. 24, and 26 gauge sheet
2.02 Brazing
and strip.
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets  Steel Mesh and Wire Cloth. They are used for
3. METALS FOR concrete reinforcement, lath for plaster, stucco,
CONCRETE and cement, fencing, insect screens.
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
 Steel Windows and Doors.
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
 Hardware such as nails, screws, rivets, etc
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.03 STEEL
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin b. Alloy Steels:
1.06 Zinc • steels to which manganese, silicon, aluminum,
1.07 Brass
titanium, and molybdenum have been added in
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
sufficient quantity to produce properties
1.10 Nickel unobtainable in carbon steels in cast, rolled or
1.11 Lead heat-treated form.
2. METHODS OF • The alloying elements are added to increase the
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
following properties:
2.02 Brazing  strength In structural applications only
2.03 Welding  hardness the properties of:
2.04 Rivets  ease and depth of  strength
3. METALS FOR hardenability  expansion
CONCRETE  performance at high  resistance to corrosion
REINFORCEMENT or low temperatures
3.01 Steel Bars
 ductility, and
 electromagnetic  workability
3.02 Wire Fabric
properties are of interest to the architect.
3.03 Expanded Mesh
 wear resistance
3.04 Laths  electrical conductivity
4. STORAGE & CARE or resistivity.
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.03 STEEL
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
b. Alloy Steels:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass  High-strength low-alloy steels are a group of
1.08 Bronze
trade name steels with improved mechanical
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
properties and resistance to atmospheric
1.11 Lead corrosion, They are being increasingly used as
2. METHODS OF reinforcing for pre-stressed concrete, high
JOINING METALS strength bolts, special structural steels and cables
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
for elevators, etc.
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.03 STEEL
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin b. Alloy Steels:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets  Stainless steels generally used in architecture are
3. METALS FOR highly alloyed steels that contain more than 10%
CONCRETE chromium. They are characterized by their resistance
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars to heat, oxidation and corrosion. They are used where
3.02 Wire Fabric corrosion resistance, durability, and minimum of
3.03 Expanded Mesh maintenance is necessary principally for exterior and
3.04 Laths interior wall finishes, doors, windows, trims, railings,
4. STORAGE & CARE signs and letters, appliances, etc.
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.04 COPPER
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
• is ductile, malleable, nonmagnetic metal with a
1.07 Brass characteristic bright, reddish brown color.
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium • has the highest electrical and thermal
1.10 Nickel
conductivity of any substances except silver.
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS • Copper useful alloys have enough strength for
2.01 Soldering minor structural work
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
• easily worked.
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
• It is attacked by alkalis and many of the common
REINFORCEMENT acids.
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.04 COPPER
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin • It is highly resistant to corrosion by air and salt
1.06 Zinc water.
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
• On exposure it soon reacts to form a surface layer of an
1.10 Nickel insoluble green salt which retards further corrosion; this
1.11 Lead green color on copper is known as its patina.
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.04 COPPER
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin • Copper can be cast, drawn,
1.06 Zinc extruded, hot and cold
1.07 Brass
worked, spun, hammered,
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
punched, welded, brazed,
1.10 Nickel and soldered.
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
• The galvanic action of
JOINING METALS copper must be considered
2.01 Soldering
when copper is used in
2.02 Brazing
architecture. When in
2.03 Welding
contact with many of the
2.04 Rivets
common construction
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE materials and in the
REINFORCEMENT presence of an electrolyte; it
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
will corrode these materials
3.03 Expanded Mesh
near the area of contact.
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.04 COPPER
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin • The copper itself, being cathode, will not corrode.
1.06 Zinc Therefore a careful check should be made of the
1.07 Brass
methods of attachment, support and securing into place.
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead • As copper is one of the
2. METHODS OF best electrical
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
conductors, it finds
2.02 Brazing tremendous use in the
2.03 Welding entire electrical field,
2.04 Rivets from very fine wires to
3. METALS FOR bus bars.
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
• Copper sheet and strip are used for roofing and
3.04 Laths
flashing.
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.05 TIN
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin • is a soft, ductile,
1.06 Zinc malleable, bluish-white
1.07 Brass metal.
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
• Because it is normally
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead covered with a thin film of
2. METHODS OF stannic oxide, it resists
JOINING METALS corrosion by air,
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
moisture, sulfur dioxide,
2.03 Welding
hydrogen sulfide (which
2.04 Rivets
usually tarnishes and
3. METALS FOR
corrodes other metals).
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
• takes a highly reflective
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric polish and has the ability
3.03 Expanded Mesh to wet other metals.
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.05 TIN
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin • The main use of the tin is in metallic form of
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
either pure tin or tin-containing alloys for
1.08 Bronze protective coatings on stronger metals.
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel • Architectural uses of tin include bronzes,
1.11 Lead
brasses, terneplate, mirrors, gilding, solders,
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
hardware and fusible alloys.
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.06 ZINC
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin • is medium hard, bluish-white metal
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze • is characterized by brittleness and low strength.
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel • is readily attacked by acids and alkalis.
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
• It is resistant to corrosion by water. On exposure to
2.01 Soldering air, a film of zinc carbonate or oxide forms which protects
2.02 Brazing zinc from further oxidation.
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
• The most important uses of zinc are
3. METALS FOR
as protective coatings (galvanizing) on iron and steel
CONCRETE as die-casting metal, and
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
as an alloying element in brasses.
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.06 ZINC
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin • Galvanizing is the process whereby a protective
1.06 Zinc
coat of zinc is applied to steel and iron to protect
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
them against corrosion. The advantage of coating
1.09 Chromium them with zinc is that, should the iron or steel
1.10 Nickel become exposed through wear, aging or
1.11 Lead discontinuities, galvanic reaction between the coating
2. METHODS OF and the base metal causes the zinc to corrode and
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering form compounds which cover and continue to protect
2.02 Brazing the iron and steel for as long as any zinc remains.
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 1.06 ZINC
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin • The most common
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
galvanized material used in
1.08 Bronze architecture is galvanized
1.09 Chromium iron (steel) sheet and strip.
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS • Galvanized sheets become defaced and discolored
2.01 Soldering when subjected to dampness and extremes of
2.02 Brazing temperature.
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets • If the sheets are piled flat in the open or tightly
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
bundled in a warehouse, the zinc coating can also be
REINFORCEMENT damaged by the consequent absence of oxygen and
3.01 Steel Bars carbon dioxide between two sheets. This absence
3.02 Wire Fabric
prevents the formation of a protective film of zinc
3.03 Expanded Mesh
carbonate; instead zinc hydroxide forms and destroys
3.04 Laths
the galvanizing.
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper 1.07 BRASS
1.05 Tin • fundamentally an alloy of copper and zinc with
1.06 Zinc
small quantities of other elements sometimes added
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
to give the special qualities.
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel • The copper-zinc proportions may vary from 95%
1.11 Lead copper and 5% zinc to 55% copper and 45% zinc.
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering • As a class, brass alloys are less hard and strong
2.02 Brazing than steels (iron-base alloys) but are superior in
2.03 Welding workability and resistance to corrosion.
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper 1.07 BRASS
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc • All brasses react with other metals.
1.07 Brass When brass is used in direct contact with
1.08 Bronze
any other metal, a careful check should
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
be made of its position on the galvanic
1.11 Lead series.
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS • Brass should not come into direct contact
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
with iron, steel or stainless, aluminum,
2.03 Welding
zinc or magnesium if there is an
2.04 Rivets electrolyte present or the possibility of
3. METALS FOR one forming at the point of contact.
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper 1.07 BRASS
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
• In architecture, brasses
1.07 Brass are used for doors,
1.08 Bronze windows, door and
1.09 Chromium window frames, and for
1.10 Nickel
ornamental metalwork
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
such as railings, trims,
JOINING METALS grilles, etc.
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
• They are also used
2.03 Welding
extensively for finish
2.04 Rivets
hardware, plating of
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE hardware, and other
REINFORCEMENT miscellaneous
3.01 Steel Bars
accessories such as
3.02 Wire Fabric
screws, nuts and bolts,
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
anchors, etc.
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper 1.08 BRONZE
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc • True bronze is an alloy of copper and tin
1.07 Brass which varies only slightly from 90% copper
1.08 Bronze and 10% tin composition.
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
• This bronze is a rich golden-brown metal,
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
originally worked by forging and particularly
JOINING METALS suited for casting since it is corrosion
2.01 Soldering resistant, dense and hard enough to take an
2.02 Brazing
impression of a mold of any delicacy
2.03 Welding
whatever.
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper 1.08 BRONZE
1.05 Tin • The term “bronze” however, is
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
no longer used in this limited
1.08 Bronze sense. In commercial practice
1.09 Chromium the terms “brass” and “bronze”
1.10 Nickel may be used without much
1.11 Lead regard for their original
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
meanings.
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing • The term “bronze” now usually
2.03 Welding has a prefix and indicates
2.04 Rivets alloys of copper with silicon,
3. METALS FOR manganese, aluminum, and
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT other elements with or without
3.01 Steel Bars zinc, e.g. silicon bronze.
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh • A few brasses are known as
3.04 Laths
bronzes because they have
4. STORAGE & CARE the characteristic bronze
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT color.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper 1.08 BRONZE
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
• Of the three types of so-
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze called bronzes in
1.09 Chromium architectural work, only one
1.10 Nickel is true bronze. This is the
1.11 Lead statuary bronze, which
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
consist usually of 97%
2.01 Soldering copper, 2% tin and 1% zinc.
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
• As for the others, architectural bronze is really a
2.04 Rivets
leaded brass, and commercial bronze is one of the
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE more commonly used brasses (90% copper and 10%
REINFORCEMENT zinc).
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
• The architectural uses of bronze are confined to
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
statuary, plaques, medallions and other
ornamentation, and miscellaneous rough and finish
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL hardware.
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper 1.09 CHROMIUM
1.05 Tin
• is a steel-white metal which
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass takes a brilliant polish and is
1.08 Bronze harder than cobalt or nickel.
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel • It is nonmagnetic at ordinary
1.11 Lead
temperatures but becomes
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS magnetic at 13F.
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing • It does not tarnish in air,
2.03 Welding resists oxidizing agents, is
2.04 Rivets
soluble in acids and strong
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
alkalis.
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper 1.09 CHROMIUM
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
• The principal use of chromium is an alloying
1.07 Brass ingredient in ferrous and nonferrous
1.08 Bronze metallurgy.
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
• Chromium plating is one of the most
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
commonly encountered usage of this material in
JOINING METALS architecture. It gives a thin, hard, bright, wear
2.01 Soldering resistant surface which sheds water when
2.02 Brazing
highly polished. The metals that can be plated
2.03 Welding
with chromium include aluminum, copper, iron,
2.04 Rivets
magnesium, nickel, titanium, zinc and their
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE alloys. The chromium is electro deposited as a
REINFORCEMENT thin layer of pure metal.
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper 1.10 NICKEL
1.05 Tin • is an inert silvery metal
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze • is resistant to strong alkalis
1.09 Chromium and to most acids.
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead • It resembles iron in
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
strength and toughness
2.01 Soldering and copper in its resistance
2.02 Brazing to oxidation and corrosion.
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets • Nickel takes a high polish
3. METALS FOR and can be hot and cold
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT rolled forged, bent,
3.01 Steel Bars extruded, spun, punched
3.02 Wire Fabric
and drawn.
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.03 Steel
1.10 NICKEL
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin • When alloyed with other metals, nickel imparts its
1.06 Zinc qualities of strength, hardness, toughness, ductility,
1.07 Brass
corrosion resistance, and strength at high
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
temperatures to the resulting material. The major
1.10 Nickel use of nickel therefore is in alloys.
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF • Another important use of nickel is as protective or
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
decorative coating for other metals. It can be
2.02 Brazing applied to the following base metals and their
2.03 Welding alloys: aluminum, brass, copper, iron, magnesium,
2.04 Rivets steel, tin, and zinc.
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.03 Steel
1.11 LEAD
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
Lead is a blue-gray, soft, very heavy metal (the heaviest of the
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
common metals). It is extremely workable, has good corrosion
1.08 Bronze resistance, is easily recovered from scrap materials, and is
1.09 Chromium relatively impenetrable to radiation. The corrosion resistance of
1.10 Nickel lead arises from the fact that metallic lead does not react with
1.11 Lead
many compounds or solutions, and with certain others it forms
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
compounds which act as protective coatings against further
2.01 Soldering corrosion.
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 1. TYPES OF METALS
1.03 Steel
1.11 LEAD
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin Lead is available (1) extruded in the forms of pipe, rod, wire,
1.06 Zinc ribbon, etc. (2) rolled into sheet, foil, strip, (3) cast. There are
1.07 Brass several grades of lead metal of which corroding lead, chemical
1.08 Bronze
lead and common desilverized lead are of interest to the
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
architect. Corroding lead is used for fine white lead paints, red
1.11 Lead lead, litharge (see PAINT). Chemical lead and common
2. METHODS OF desilverized are used for sheet, pipe, powdered lead, ribbon
JOINING METALS lead and alloys.
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
Lead also finds many uses in rough hardware items such as
2.03 Welding
expansion shields for securing bolts, screws, and other
2.04 Rivets
accessories in masonry, washers, lead-headed nails,etc.
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1.03 Steel
2.01 SOLDERING
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
• is a method to join metals, to
1.07 Brass make electrical connections, to
1.08 Bronze seal joints hermetically with
1.09 Chromium another lower melting metal
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
or alloy called the solder.
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS • Since the temperatures used
2.01 Soldering are comparatively low, there is
2.02 Brazing
no alloying action between the
2.03 Welding
solder and the metals being
2.04 Rivets
joined, which are usually
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE stronger than the solder itself.
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
• Soldered joints have very little
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
tensile, shear or impact
3.04 Laths
strength; therefore this method
should not be used where a
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL strong joint is required.
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1.03 Steel
2.01 SOLDERING
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
• Solders are mostly alloys of tin and lead in various
1.07 Brass proportions with small percentages of other elements
1.08 Bronze added to give special characteristics. They can be
1.09 Chromium divided into the following major types:
1.10 Nickel
- tin-lead
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
- tin-lead-antimony
JOINING METALS - silver-lead.
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
• Tin-lead solder of the 50% tin, 50% lead variety is the
2.03 Welding
most commonly used general purpose of solder.
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
• Some tin-lead are used for coating the metals before
REINFORCEMENT soldering. This is known as pre-tinning.
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1.03 Steel
2.01 SOLDERING
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin a. Metal Bath Dip:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass defined as a metal-
1.08 Bronze joining process where
1.09 Chromium the workpieces to be
1.10 Nickel joined are immersed in a
1.11 Lead
pot of molten solder. 
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering Because of the relatively low melting temperature of
2.02 Brazing
the solder (between 350 and 600 degrees F), only
2.03 Welding
adhesion between the solder and the workpieces
2.04 Rivets
results. 
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT A flux or metal cleaner is used to prepare the
3.01 Steel Bars workpiece for bonding with the solder. 
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh Typically, dip soldering is an automated process used
3.04 Laths extensively in the electronics assembly industry.
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1.03 Steel
2.01 SOLDERING
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
b. Soldering Iron:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass In this method the iron piece is preheated and
1.08 Bronze applied to the joint along with the solder and the
1.09 Chromium flux (the flux is a substance used in soldering to
1.10 Nickel
clean the surfaces of the metals to be joined and to
1.11 Lead
aid fluidity); the heat from the iron forms the
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS soldered joint.
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding c. Torch:
2.04 Rivets
The parts to be soldered are heated by the torch flame
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE and then the solder and flux are applied. This method
REINFORCEMENT is limited to metals which can be heated without
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
altering their characteristics.
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1.03 Steel
2.01 SOLDERING
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin d. Sweat Method:
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass The heating of the metals to be joined causes the
1.08 Bronze solder to run into the joint. This is the method used
1.09 Chromium
for joining copper tubing and fittings.
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF Fluxes for soldering are generally of three types:
JOINING METALS corrosive, neutral and noncorrosive.
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
Corrosive fluxes are known as acid type and salt
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
type fluxes and include chlorides of zinc,
3. METALS FOR
ammonium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum and
CONCRETE other metal. Care should always be taken with the
REINFORCEMENT corrosive fluxes. The residue must be quickly
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
removed, as it is not only corrosive to the metal
3.03 Expanded Mesh
being joined, but it is also electrically conductive as
3.04 Laths a rule and therefore cannot be used for most
4. STORAGE & CARE
electrical work.
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1.03 Steel
2.01 SOLDERING
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin d. Sweat Method:
1.06 Zinc
Neutral fluxes are mild in type and are used for easily
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
soldered metals such as copper, brass, lead, and tin
1.09 Chromium plate.
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead Stearic acid is a typical neutral flux.
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering Noncorrosive fluxes leaves residues which are
2.02 Brazing noncorrosive and nonconductive and therefore need
2.03 Welding not be removed. Rosin is the principal flux of this
2.04 Rivets type.
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
Noncorrosive fluxes are weak their fluxing action and
3.01 Steel Bars their use are limited to the easily soldered base
3.02 Wire Fabric metals.
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1.02 Iron
2.01 SOLDERING
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper d. Sweat Method:
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper 2.02 BRAZING
1.05 Tin
Brazing is a type of soldering in which the operating
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
temperatures are higher (but lower than in welding) and
1.08 Bronze in which stronger and higher-melting alloys are used to
1.09 Chromium fill the joints, which consequently are stronger than
1.10 Nickel ordinary soldered joints. The bond is obtained by
1.11 Lead
alloying between the brazing material and the surface
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
of the joined metals.
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper 2.02 BRAZING
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc Brazing is generally used where the shape and position of
1.07 Brass the joint or the composition of the metal or metals are not
1.08 Bronze adaptable to welding. In brazing the type of metal to be
1.09 Chromium joined, the brazing material, and their color are equally
1.10 Nickel
important because galvanic action, strength of the joint,
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
matching of colors play a significant part in the finished
JOINING METALS product.
2.01 Soldering Brazing materials fall into six major types: aluminum-silicon,
2.02 Brazing
copper-phosphorous, silver, copper, and copper-zinc,
2.03 Welding
magnesium, and heat-resistant alloys. Each type is
2.04 Rivets
particularly suited to a certain group of metals. The brazing
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE materials are prepared by melting and mixing together the
REINFORCEMENT metallic ingredients to fixed and controlled proportions.
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1.03 Steel
2.03 WELDING
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
Welding is the process by which two metals are so joined that
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
there is an actual union of the interatomic bonds. This may be
1.08 Bronze brought about by close contact, heating, pressure, adding
1.09 Chromium molten metal, or combinations of these methods. The resulting
1.10 Nickel joints are as strong or stronger than the metals joined.
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1.03 Steel
2.03 WELDING
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin Welding may be divided into two general types: pressure welding
1.06 Zinc in which pressure and heat make the weld; and fusion welding, in
1.07 Brass which the heat and added metal make the weld. In fusion welding
1.08 Bronze the methods of heating are gas flame and electric arc. The gas
1.09 Chromium
flame now generally used is acetylene mixed with oxygen. It will
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead deliver about 5500˚F of heat which is sufficient to melt the
2. METHODS OF welding rod and the surrounding metal and then fuse them
JOINING METALS together. In electric-arc method, when the welding rod (or
2.01 Soldering
electrode) is brought near the joint of the metals to be welded, an
2.02 Brazing
electric arc is formed which melts and fuses the metal and the
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
welding rod.
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
2.04 RIVETS
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper Rivets are devices used to join or fasten the metals. The rivet, a
1.05 Tin metal cylinder or rod which has a head at one end, is inserted
1.06 Zinc through holes in the materials being joined, and then the
1.07 Brass protruding end is flattened to tie the two pieces of material
1.08 Bronze
together.
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
1.02 Iron
3.01 STEEL BARS
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper Reinforcement for
1.05 Tin concrete construction is
1.06 Zinc
mostly in the form of
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
steel bars and rods of
1.09 Chromium round or square cross
1.10 Nickel section. The bars may
1.11 Lead be plain or deformed
2. METHODS OF (with lugs or projections
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering for better bonding to
2.02 Brazing the concrete). They are
2.03 Welding called billet-steel bars
2.04 Rivets or rail-steel bars.
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE Billet-steel bars are made by the open hearth furnace by the acid
REINFORCEMENT Bessemer furnace and meet fixed chemical compositions. They
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
are rolled from billets directly reduced from ingots and come in
3.03 Expanded Mesh
three grades: structural, intermediate, and hard. For architectural
3.04 Laths
purposes the intermediate grade is the most generally used. Rail-
steel bars are rolled from standard T-rails and come only in one
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL grade. Steel bars vary in size from ¼” to 1-1/4” and in lengths of
REINFORCEMENT 20 or 30 feet.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum 3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel 3.02 WIRE FABRIC
1.04 Copper
Wire fabric made of cold-drawn steel wire is
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
widely used for the reinforcement of concrete
1.07 Brass slabs and floors, as well as for stuccoed work.
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS 3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 3.02 WIRE FABRIC
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper a. Welded Wire Fabric:
1.05 Tin
Welded-wire mesh, also
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
called welded-wire fabric,
1.08 Bronze used to reinforce concrete
1.09 Chromium slabs used in light
1.10 Nickel construction., consists of
1.11 Lead
a series wires welded
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
together to form a grid
2.01 Soldering pattern. It comes in
2.02 Brazing various sizes & spacings
2.03 Welding and gauges, e.g. 4” x 4” – 6/6, 6” x 6” –8/8, etc. The
2.04 Rivets first pair of numbers refer to the spacing of the
3. METALS FOR wires: the second pair refers to the gauge of the
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
longitudinal and transverse wires respectively.
3.01 Steel Bars Thus, for example, a 6”x 6” – 10/10 mesh (read it
3.02 Wire Fabric six six –ten ten) will be both No. 10 gauge wires
3.03 Expanded Mesh spaced 6” apart bothways (the smaller the gauge
3.04 Laths number the heavier the wire). Welded wire fabric is
4. STORAGE & CARE available in rolls 5 or 6 ft. wide, 150, 200, and 300
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
ft. long.
1. TYPES OF METALS 3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 3.02 WIRE FABRIC
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper b. Triangle-mesh Wire Fabric:
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc is built up of either single or stranded longitudinal
1.07 Brass wires with cross wires or bond-wires running
1.08 Bronze
diagonally across the fabric. The longitudinal
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
wires are spaced at 4” on centers and the cross
1.11 Lead wires 4” or 8” apart.
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS 3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 3.03 EXPANDED MESH
1.03 Steel
This is manufactured from solid steel sheets. To form the
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
expanded mesh, the sheet is first cut or pierced in
1.06 Zinc staggered slots or patterns; then the sheet is held by the
1.07 Brass two sides parallel to the slots and stretched by pressure
1.08 Bronze until the desired openings or forms are obtained. Sheets
1.09 Chromium
may also be stamped, perforated or deformed into an open
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
mesh. The forms into which sheet can be shaped include
2. METHODS OF
diamond, crimp, herringbone and Z-rib, to name only a few.
JOINING METALS Expanded mesh is therefore free from mechanical and
2.01 Soldering
welded joints., e.g. STEELCRETE.
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS 3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 3.03 EXPANDED MESH
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS 3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron 3.04 LATHS
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper In addition to the various meshes mentioned above, permanent
1.05 Tin
centering or self-centering laths are produced in many forms.
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
These laths are furnished either in flat or segmental sheets,
1.08 Bronze pressed into a series of solid ribs, between which the metal is
1.09 Chromium stamped, perforated or deformed into an open mesh-work.
1.10 Nickel These laths are furnished painted or galvanized, and in open-
1.11 Lead
hearth mild steel or in special copper-bearing or alloy steels, e.g.
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS “RIBPLEX”, “HYRIB”.
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS 4. STORAGE & CARE FOR METAL
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
REINFORCEMENT
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
Metal reinforcement shall be stored in racks above the ground
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
and away from moisture and vegetation. If a large quantity of
1.07 Brass reinforcement is stored at the site for an extended period, it is
1.08 Bronze well to build shed over the storage racks. A bright-red rust, such
1.09 Chromium as forms in a few days on reinforcement exposed to rain, is not
1.10 Nickel
in any way detrimental. Actual rust scales, however, may
1.11 Lead
indicate a reduction in the effective cross section of the bar.
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS Deep scaling should be considered a sufficient reason for
2.01 Soldering condemning the use of reinforce unless it is first cleaned of mill
2.02 Brazing
and rust scale and used as the equivalent of a smaller size. All
2.03 Welding
reinforcement should be kept free from oil which will tend to
2.04 Rivets
reduce the bond between concrete and steel.
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE

FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT