Массалар центрі. Центр масс.

Centre of
mass.
Learning oblectives

Skills Success criteria

• To find the canter of mass of
the perfectly rigid body and
system of material bodies
Knowledge and understanding
Applying
know center of mass/gravity
understand the concepts of
equilibrium and center of mass.
understand that an object's
center of mass depends on the
composition and structure of the
object.
know composite body
Identify how equilibrium and the
center of mass apply to
engineering and everyday life.
Identify the various ways
equilibrium and the center of
mass correlate to different fields
of research and scientific
disciplines.
 What is the Center of
Gravity?
• The point in which gravity appears to be
acting

• The point at which an object

behaves as if all it’s weight were
concentrated there
• the point at which an object can
be balanced
 Point of Balance

Why is an object balanced at

the center of gravity?

• When an object is supported at it’s center of

gravity there is no net torque acting on it, and it will
remain in static equilibrium

• An object balanced at this point is able to

free rotate about that point – add picture
 Locating the Center of
Gravity
• Uniform objects (meter stick) – Locate the center of
gravity using symmetry. The center of gravity for a
uniform object will be the exact geometric center.

• Irregularly shaped objects (broom) – you can

locate the center of gravity experimentally.
- Using a plumb line, you can suspend the
object from various points (2 or more) and trace
the plumb line’s location each time.
 Center of Gravity

• The torque due to the gravitational force on an object of mass M is

the force Mg acting at the center of gravity of the object
• If g is uniform over the object, then the center of gravity of the object
coincides with its center of mass
• If the object is homogeneous and symmetrical, the center of gravity
coincides with its geometric center
Center of mass

Reaction
force

https://www.igcsesciencecourses.com/...physics/Edexcel%20...
Center of mass

Reaction
force
Pivot (G)

Gravitational forces of tiny

particles of the beam G

https://www.igcsesciencecourses.com/...physics/Edexcel%20...
Center of mass

Reaction
force
Pivot (G)

Gravitational forces of tiny

particles of the beam G

The body is in equilibrium if the forces of gravity acting on it

are balanced on both sides of pivot

https://www.igcsesciencecourses.com/...physics/Edexcel%20...
 How can you identify the
point of center of
mass/gravity of an
irregular shaped object?

https://www.igcsesciencecourses.com/...physics/Edexcel%20...
 How can you identify the
point of center of
mass/gravity of an
irregular shaped object?

First, you need to

suspend an object
from its one
edges

https://www.igcsesciencecourses.com/...physics/Edexcel%20...
 How can you identify the
point of center of
mass/gravity of an
irregular shaped object?

Then you plot

vertically
downwards a line

https://www.igcsesciencecourses.com/...physics/Edexcel%20...
 How can you identify the
point of center of
mass/gravity of an
irregular shaped object?

Repeat previous operation

unless you’ve done it for all
edges of the body

The intersection of all

the lines is the center
of mass/gravity point

https://www.igcsesciencecourses.com/...physics/Edexcel%20...
 Center of Mass (CM)

• An object can be divided into

many small particles
• Each particle will have a specific
mass and specific coordinates
• The x coordinate of the center of
mass will be
m x i i
xCM  i

m i
i

• Similar expressions can be found

for the y coordinates
 Center of Gravity (CG)
• All the various gravitational forces acting on all the various
mass elements are equivalent to a single gravitational force
acting through a single point called the center of gravity (CG)

Mg CG xCG  (m1  m2  m3  ) g CG xCG

 m1 g1 x1  m 2 g 2 x2  m 3 g 3 x3  

• If g1  g 2  g 3  

• then m1 x1  m 2 x2  m 3 x3    mi xi
xCG  
m1  m2  m3    mi
 Ladder Example

• A uniform ladder of length l

rests against a smooth,
vertical wall. The mass of the
ladder is m, and the
coefficient of static friction
between the ladder and the
ground is s = 0.40. Find the
minimum angle  at which the
ladder does not slip.
 Problem-Solving Strategy 1
• Draw sketch, decide what is in or out the system
• Draw a free body diagram (FBD)
• Show and label all external forces acting on the object
• Indicate the locations of all the forces
• Establish a convenient coordinate system
• Find the components of the forces along the two axes
• Apply the first condition for equilibrium
• Be careful of signs Fnet , x   Fext , x  0
Fnet , y   Fext , y  0
• A uniform ladder of length l rests against a smooth, vertical
wall. The mass of the ladder is m, and the coefficient of static
friction between the ladder and the ground is s = 0.40. Find
the minimum angle  at which the ladder does not slip.

 Fx  f x  P  0
 Fy  n  mg  0
P  fx
n  mg
P  f x ,max   s n   s mg
mg

March 03, 2011

 Problem-Solving Strategy 2

• Choose a convenient axis for calculating the net torque on the

object
• Remember the choice of the axis is arbitrary
• Choose an origin that simplifies the calculations as much as
possible
• A force that acts along a line passing through the origin produces a
zero torque
• Be careful of sign with respect to rotational axis
• positive if force tends to rotate object in CCW
• negative if force tends to rotate object in CW
• zero if force is on the rotational axis
• Apply the second condition for equilibrium  net , z    ext , z  0
• A uniform ladder of length l rests against a smooth, vertical
wall. The mass of the ladder is m, and the coefficient of static
friction between the ladder and the ground is s = 0.40. Find
the minimum angle  at which the ladder does not slip.

 O   n  f  g  P
l
 0  0  Pl sin  min  mg cos  min  0
2
sin  min mg mg 1
 tan  min   
cos  min 2 P 2  s mg 2 s
1 1
 min  tan 1 ( )  tan 1[ ]  51 mg
2 s 2(0.4)

March 03, 2011