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LESSON 2

HORMONE
FEEDBACK
AND
PREGNANCY
By: Jelannie R. Arnol
 Fertilization
A zygote or a fertilized egg is
formed when a sperm
successfully penetrates the nuclei
fuse.
Fertilization
- the sperms’ nucleus and the
ovum’s unite.
-about 7 to 10 days for an egg to
Figure 3.1 The zygote reach the uterus.
Placenta

-will provide nourishment for

the embryo
- secretes the hormone called
human chorionic gonadotropin
(HCG), which is related to LH
since they act on the same
receptor.
A pregnant woman will not menstruate.
HCG passes in the urine and it is the same hormone detected in
pregnancy tests. It is the hormone that prevents pregnant women to
menstruate.
Figure 3.3 Pregnancy test If the embryo is
abnormal or if it dies,
HCG will drop and
the endometrium will
disintegrate causing a
woman to have a
miscarriage.
 The following processes summarize the
significant stages of reproduction:
1. Egg cells are formed in each ovary.
2. Each month, one ovary releases an egg. Normally, only one egg is
released about every 28 days. The ovaries usually take turns in
releasing the eggs.
3. Once released from the ovary, the egg moves into a tube called
oviduct. Oviducts are tube-like organs that connect the ovaries to
the uterus. The uterus is a muscular organ in which the fertilized
egg develops.
4. Sperm cells are released into the vagina during mating. The
vagina is a muscular tube that leads from the outside of the
female’s body to the uterus. Sperm cells swim from the vagina into
the uterus and into the oviducts. If an egg is present, fertilization
takes place. Once fertilized, the egg moves down the oviduct into
the uterus.
5. The fertilized egg then attaches itself into the wall of the uterus
which is called implantation. Once attached, it will remain there for
nine months as it develops into a baby.

Figure 3.3 A human embryo

 What is ectopic pregnancy?
Ectopic pregnancy

-results if implantation Figure 3.4 A cross section of the ovary

occurs anywhere other
than the uterine cavity.
-The most common
site of ectopic
pregnancy is in the
fallopian tube.
The following discusses the different processes involved during
pregnancy:

Ovulation

This refers to the release of a mature egg from the ovary.

It usually takes place on the 14th day from the first day of
menstruation if the cycle is a 28-day cycle.
Fertilization

When a sperm encounters an egg cell in the fallopian

tube, it releases digestive enzymes. Those enzymes clear
the path for the sperm nucleus to fuse with the nucleus of
the ovum or egg cell. A zygote is now formed.
Implantation

This occurs before the end of the first week. By this

process, the zygote attaches to the uterine lining, and some
of its cells send out projections that has been part of the
maternal tissue. The inner cell mass becomes the
embryonic disc. This disc will give rise to the embryo
proper during the week following implantation.
Birth or Parturition

Birth typically occurs less than an hour after full dilation.

Immediately afterward, uterine contraction forces fluid,
blood, and the placenta out of the body. The umbilical cord
is now cut, and the newborn embarks on its nurtured
existence in the outside world.
 Events Sequence
ACTIVITY
Fertilized egg attaches to the uterus

Fertilized egg moves out of the oviduct

Egg fertilized in oviduct

Vagina receives sperm

Eggs move into the oviduct

Egg released from the ovary

Egg cells in the ovary

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