Java Lecture 5

CS 1311X
Our Story So Far
The Story of O
Inheritance, Polymorphism and Death
in the Afternoon
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 Our Story So Far
• Object Oriented Programming Features
– Encapsulation
– Reusability
– Adaptability

• Object Oriented Programming Benefits

– Generic "Drop In" Components
– Modeling Real World Objects
– Handling Collections Easily

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 Our Story So Far
• Java Language Syntax
• Class Structure
– Fields
– Constructors
– Methods
• Accessors
• Modifiers
– Special Concepts
• toString
• main
• static

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 Our Story So Far
• All objects are manipulated using references

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The Story of O

CS Version

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 The Story of O

Object
Oriented
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 The Story of O
• Operator Overloading
int a = 3;
int b = 2;
int c;
String x = "Hello ";
String y = "World!";
String z;

c = a + b;
z = x + y;
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 The Story of O
• Other Overloading
– Constructor
public Student(String name, double
gpa)
public Student(String name)
– Method
public int max(int a, int b)
public int max(int a, int b, int c)
public int max(short a, short b)

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 The Story of O
• Overriding
– Also called redefinition
class A {
int someMethod()
}

class B extends A
int someMethod()
}

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 The Story of O

Everything
is an

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 Inheritance
class Animal
{
String name;

public Animal(String name)

{
this.name = name;
}
}

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 Inheritance
class Dog extends Animal
{
int fleas;

public Dog(String name, int fleas)

{
super(name);
this.fleas = fleas;
}
}

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 Inheritance
class Cat extends Animal
{
int hairBalls;

public Cat(String name, int hairBalls)

{
super(name);
this.hairBalls = hairBalls;
}
}

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Inheritance (Deceptive Diagram)

Animal

Dog Cat

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Inheritance (True Diagram)

Object

Animal

Dog Cat

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 Truth Be Known
• Class Object exists
• It defines lots of useful methods
– e.g. toString
– see the API

• Thus every class is either

– a direct subclass of Object (no extends)
or
– a subclass of a descendant of Object (extends)

• So what?
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 Motivation
• Repetitive tasks

• Collections of things (objects)

– Baseball cards
– Library items
– Shapes
– Animals
– Vehicles
– Students

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 Motivation
• Collections are seldom uniform

• Desire method of holding a collection of dissimilar

items

• Need to change the type mismatch rules

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 Recall
float f;
double d ;
int i;
String s;
CokeMachine cm;
f = d; // illegal
d = f; // legal
i = d; // illegal
d = i; // legal

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 Recall
float f;
double d ;
int i;
String s;
CokeMachine cm;
f = (float)d; // legal
d = f; // legal
i = (int)d; // legal
d = i; // legal

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 Recall
float f;
double d ;
int i;
String s;
CokeMachine cm;
s = cm; // illegal
cm = s; // illegal

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 Recall
float f;
double d ;
int i;
String s;
CokeMachine cm;
s = (String)cm; // illegal
cm = (CokeMachine)s; // illegal

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Inheritance Changes the Rules

Object

Animal

Dog Cat

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 Inheritance Changes the Rules
Object o;
Animal a;
Dog d = new Dog();
Cat c = new Cat();
d = c; // illegal
a = c; // OK, a Cat is an Animal
o = c; // OK, a Cat is an Object
o = a; // OK, an Animal is an Object
a = o; // Illegal, not all Objects are Animals
d = a; // Illegal, not all animals are Dogs

Confusing?
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 The Keyword is Extends
Object creation process
Dog d = new Dog();
1. Create reference d
2. Start creating Dog by entering Dog constructor
and making call to parent.
3. Start creating Animal by entering Animal
constructor and making call to parent.
4. Create Object portion
5. Create Animal portion
6. Create Dog portion
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 Step by Step

Dog d

Ref: Dog
d

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 Step by Step

Dog d = new Dog();

public Dog()
{

}
Ref: Dog
d

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 Step by Step

Dog d = new Dog();

public Dog()
{

}
Ref: Dog
d public Animal()
{

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 Step by Step

Dog d = new Dog();

public Dog()
{
Object
}
Ref: Dog
d public Animal()
{

public Object()
{

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 Step by Step

Dog d = new Dog();

public Dog()
{
Object
}
Ref: Dog Animal
d public Animal()
{

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 Step by Step

Dog d = new Dog();

public Dog()
{
Object
}
Ref: Dog Animal
d Dog

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 Step by Step

Dog d = new Dog();

Object
Ref: Dog Animal
d Dog

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 Step by Step

Dog d = new Dog();

Object
Ref: Dog Animal "A Dog Object"
d Dog

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 Quizlette
Animal a = new Dog();

Object
Ref: Animal Animal "A Dog Object"
a Dog

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 Quizlette
Object o = new Dog();

Object
Ref: Object Animal "A Dog Object"
o Dog

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 Quizlette
Dog d = new Animal();

Object
Ref: Dog Animal "An Animal Object"
d

ILLEGAL
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 Quizlette
Animal a = new Object();

Object
Ref: Animal "An Object Object"
a

ILLEGAL
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 Quizlette
Dog d = new Object();

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 Quizlette
Dog d = new Object();

Object
Ref: Dog "An Object Object"
d

ILLEGAL
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 Same Logic
d = o;
Ref: Dog
d
?
Ref: Object
o

o = d;
Ref: Object
OK!
o
?
Ref: Dog
d
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 Don't be confused!!!
• Primitives

double d;
float f;

d = f; // legal...no loss of
information

f = d; // illegal...potential loss of
// information

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 Don't be confused!!!
•References

Object o;
Dog d;

o = d; // legal (a dog is an object)

d = o; // illegal (all objects are not

// dogs)

Note: Not the same as primitives...they are all just

references!!!
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 Warning
• When you break the aforementioned rules...

• Java sometimes tells you that a cast is required

• Even if it's a real bad idea

Pearls p;
Swine s;
p = (Pearls)s;

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 What's the Point?
• Java Philosophy: Catch errors at compile time.

• Leading to tricky concept #2: Dynamic Binding

• At run time (dynamic) when a method is invoked

on a reference the ACTUAL OBJECT is examined
and the "lowest" or closest version of the method
is actually run.

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 Dynamic Binding
• The heart of polymorphism

• Assume Animal and Dog have a toString method

Object o = new Dog(); Object
Animal a = new Dog();
Object
Dog d = new Dog();
Animal
o.toString();
a.toString(); Object
Animal
d.toString();
Dog
((Object)o).toString();
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 Dynamic Binding
• It even works like this...

Object
toString()
Animal A Dog
Ref: Animal Object
Dog
a
toString()

Animal a = new Dog();

a.toString();

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 Trick #3
• Java checks types at compile time when
assigning references (Run time checking is also
performed).

• Java always decides the method to be invoked by

looking at the object at runtime.

• At compile time Java checks method invocations

to make sure that the reference type will have the
correct method. This may appear contradictory to
dynamic binding.
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 Reference/Method Checking
x.y();

• x is a reference which has a type which is its class

• That class (or a superclass) must have method y
or a compile error will result.

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 More Quizlette Fun
Object o = new Dog();
Object
Animal a = new Dog(); toString()
Dog d = new Dog(); Object
Animal
toString()
o.toString(); move()
o.move(); Animal
o Dog move()
Object
o.bark(); move()toString()
a.toString(); Dog
toString()
Animal
move()
a.move(); a bark()
move()
toString()
a.bark(); bark()
Dog
d.toString(); d move()
d.move(); toString()
d.bark(); bark()

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 Back to Collections
• The simple approach

Object

Dog Cat Pig

woof() meow() oink()

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 Java Collections
• LinkedList
• ArrayList
• Vector
• Stack
• HashSet
• TreeSet
• HashTable
• Plus you'll write lots on your own...

• They all hold objects!

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 Using Generic Collections -- Poorly
LinkedList zoo = new LinkedList();
Object o = new Dog();
Pig p = new Pig();
zoo.add(o);
zoo.add(new Cat());
zoo.add(p);
while(zoo.size() > 0) {
o = zoo.removeFirst();
if(o instanceOf Dog)
((Dog)o).bark();
if(o instanceOf Cat)
((Cat)o).meow();
if(o instanceOf Pig)
((Pig)o).oink();
}
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 Can We Do Better?
• A first try

Object

Dog Cat Pig

talk() talk() talk()

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 Using Generic Collections -- Betterly???
LinkedList zoo = new LinkedList();
Object o = new Dog();
Pig p = new Pig();
zoo.add(o);
zoo.add(new Cat());
zoo.add(p);
while(zoo.size() > 0) {
o = zoo.removeFirst();
o.talk(); // Does this work???
}

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 Using Generic Collections -- Betterly???
LinkedList zoo = new LinkedList();
Object o = new Dog();
Pig p = new Pig();
zoo.add(o);
zoo.add(new Cat());
zoo.add(p);
while(zoo.size() > 0) {
o = zoo.removeFirst();
((???))o.talk(); // Does this work???
}

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 Mystery Partially Solved

Object

Animal
talk()

Dog Cat Pig

talk() talk() talk()

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 Using Generic Collections -- Correctly
LinkedList zoo = new LinkedList();
Animal a = new Dog();
Object o = new Dog();
Pig p = new Pig();
zoo.add(a);
zoo.add(o);
zoo.add(new Cat());
zoo.add(p);
while(zoo.size() > 0) {
o = zoo.removeFirst();
((Animal))o.talk();
}

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 Software Engineering
• What should the talk method in class Animal do?

public void talk()

{
/*
* Make sure you redefine this method in
* your individual animal subclasses
*/
}

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How many will forget?

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 Solution: Abstract Methods and Classes
class Animal
{
public abstract void talk();
// Note: No body!

}
Sometimes called a deferred
method...

Result: Error!!!

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 Solution: Abstract Methods and Classes
abstract class Animal
{
public abstract void talk();
// Note: No body!

Result: Okay.

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 Java Never Forgets
• Any subclass of class Animal has two choices:

– Define a talk method (i.e. { })

– Be abstract

• Note: Abstract classes may not be used to

instantiate or make objects (new)

• References to abstract classes are legal (and

quite desireable).
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 Concrete
class Dog extends Animal
{
public void talk()
{
bark();
}
}

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 Or
class Dog extends Animal
{
public void talk()
{
System.out.println("Bow wow!);
}
}

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 Just for the Record
abstract class Canine
{
Object
// define other stuff?
}
abstract Animal
abstract talk()

abstract Canine
Cat Pig
talk() talk()

Dog Wolf
talk() talk()

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 Using Generic Collections -- Correctly
LinkedList zoo = new LinkedList();
Animal a = new Dog();
Object o = new Dog(); Object
Pig p = new Pig();
zoo.add(a);
abstract Animal
zoo.add(o); abstract talk()
zoo.add(new Cat());
zoo.add(p);
while(zoo.size() > 0) { Dog Cat Pig
o = zoo.removeFirst(); talk() talk() talk()

((Animal))o.talk();
}

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 Design Guidelines
• Class hierarchy design is important
– Move common methods up the tree
– Use abstract methods appropriately
– May be iterative process
• Container classes should generally hold Objects
• Learn and understand the Java rules concerning
– Type checking
– Reference checking
– Dynamic binding
• You'll be glad you did!

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Back to the Problem at Hand

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Coke Machines Available

• CokeMachine

• Standard Model
• Requires Exact Change
• Low Cost

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Coke Machines Available

• CokeMachine2000

• Deluxe Model
• Makes Change
• Intermediate Cost

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Coke Machines Available

• CokeMachineUA
(Urban Assault)

• Secure Model
• Makes Change
• High Cost

• Tamper Proof

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 The Vending Machine Hierarchy
VendingMachine
vend()
load()
vandalize()
toString()

CokeMachine2000
CokeMachine
vend()
vandalize()
vandalize()
toString()
toString()

CokeMachineUA
vandalize()
abstract toString()
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 The Players
• Students
– Normally have change & dollar bills

• Instructors
– Just have change (and not much of that)

• Deans
– Have lots of money
– If machine is out of coke, will vandalize machine

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 The Players

Person
interact()
toString()

Student Instructor Dean

interact() interact() interact()

abstract
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 Algorithm
• Create population of Students, Instructors and Deans
adding each to population LinkedList
• Create group of machines adding to machines LinkedList
• Loop in time
– Dequeue a person
– Dequeue a machine
– Allow them to interact (capture statistics)
– If the person is still living
• Enqueue them back into population
– Enqueue machine
– If time for service
• Randomly select and service one machine
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 The Simulation
p.interact(v)

p v
population machines

if still
alive

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 Heart of Simulation
p = (Person)population.removeFirst();
v = (VendingMachine)machines.removeFirst();
result = p.interact(v);
stats[result + 2]++;
if(result >= -1)
{
population.addLast(p);
}
else
{
System.out.println("Another one bites the dust!");
}
machines.addLast(v);

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 Without Polymorphism?
• Imagine what would have to happen in interaction without polymorphism

if Student
if CokeMachine
else if CokeMachine2000
else if CokeMachineUA
else if Instructor
if CokeMachine
else if CokeMachine2000
else if CokeMachineUA
elseif Dean
if CokeMachine
else if CokeMachine2000
else if CokeMachineUA

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 Service
if((time % SERVICE) == 0)
{
int chg;
int random;
int siz = machines.size();
VendingMachine vs;
random = (int)(siz * Math.random());
vs = (VendingMachine)machines.get(random);
vs.load(CASE);
chg = STARTUPCHANGE - vs.getChange();
chg = vs.addChange(chg);
startup += chg;
}

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Demo

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