SOURCES OF DATA:

Instrumentation and Data Collection

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
 • Describe the instruments to be used in terms of:
• its source/s;
• what each will measure;
• to whom each will be administered;
• how each will be administered;
• how its validity and reliability will be
established; and
• how to interpret the prospective data.

INSTRUMENTATION
1. Likert Scale
2. Semantic Differential Scale

SCALES USED IN AN
INSTRUMENT
 • common scaling technique which
consists of several declarative
statements that express a
viewpoint on a topic
• respondents are asked to indicate
how much they agree or disagree
with the statements
LIKERT SCALE
 SA A N/U D SD
1. I am interested in solving numbers
and questions.

L 2. I enjoy using calculators.

S 3. I am so engrossed in reading too

many instructions.
I 4. Symbols and numbers are visibly
C catchy.
K 5. I find it easy to memorize formulas.
A
E
L Legend:

R
SA – Strongly Agree D – Disagree
A – Agree SD – Strongly Disagree
E N-Neutral/U-Undecided

T
 • respondents are asked to rate
concepts in a series of bipolar
adjectives
• has an advantage of being
flexible and easy to construct
SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL
SCALE
 Description of the class president

Description 5 43 2 1 Description
Competent Incompetent
Punctual Not punctual
Pleasant Unpleasant

SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL
SCALE
• Questionnaires are usually used to
collect data.
• Questions must be appropriate.

DATA COLLECTION
•Yes or No Type
•Recognition Type
•Coding Type
•Combination Type
TYPES OF QUESTION
 •Items are
answerable by “yes”
or “no”

YES OR NO TYPE
 • Example:

YES OR NO TYPE
 • Alternative responses are
already provided, and the
respondents simply choose
among the given choices. It
also contains close-ended
questions.

RECOGNITION TYPE
 • Example

RECOGNITION TYPE
 • Numbers are assigned to names,
choices, and other pertinent data.
• This entails knowledge of statistics
on the part of the researcher; as
the application of statistical
formulas is necessary to arrive at
the findings.
CODING TYPE
 • Example:
• On a scale of one (1) to
ten (10), how will you
rate the skills of your
manager?
CODING TYPE
•The questionnaire is a
combination of two or more
types of questions.

COMBINATION TYPE
 • State questions in an affirmative
rather than in a negative manner.
• Avoid ambiguous questions e.g.,
those which contain words like
many, always, usually, few.

WORDINGS OF QUESTIONS
 • Avoid double negative questions
(e.g. Don’t you disagree with the
idea that minors be not allowed to
drink liquors? Aren’t failing
students be not hindered to enroll
for the coming years?)

WORDINGS OF QUESTIONS
 • Avoid double-barreled questions (i.e.
asking two questions in one question).
• Examples:
• Will you be happy joining the Division Quiz
Bee and be given additional examinations
afterwards?

WORDINGS OF QUESTIONS
FOR MORE TYPES OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS, refer
to pages 124-136 of your book.