RIGID FRAME AND COMPOSITE

STRUCTURE
• Rigid frame structure can be defined as the structures in
which beams and columns are made monolithically and
act collectively t resist the moments which are generating
due to applied load. It provide more stability. This type of
frame structures resists shear, moment and torsion more
effectively than any other type of frame structures.
SUB STRUCTURE AND SUPER STUCTURE

• SUB STRUCTURE AND SUPER STUCTURE

Substructure is a solid base under the ground that
supports a building above the ground [ super structure]
Super structure of a building is the portion of structure
above foundation. It provides necessary utility of building
with comfort , structural safety , ventilation, etc.
PARTS OF STRUCTURE

• BEAMS • Beam is the horizontal member of a structure

carrying transverse loads. Beam is rectangular in cross
section. It carry floor slab or roof slab. Beam transfer all
load including self weight to the column or wall.
BEAMS

• TYPES OF BEAMS Simply supported beam

• Fixed beam
• Cantilever beam
• Continuous beam
• Overhanging beam
Procedure for analysis
• The following is a
• procedure for constructing the shear and moment
• diagrams for a frame
• 1. Determine the support reactions for the frame, if possible.
• 2. Determine the support reactions A, V, and M at the end of each
• member using the method of sections.
• 3. Construct both shear and moment diagrams just as before.
• We will use the following sign convention: always draw the
• moment diagram on the compression side of the member.
• Example #1:
• The analysis of determinate frames will be demonstrated using the
example structure shown in Figure 4.8.

• Figure 4.8: Example Determinate Frame Structure

As a first step, we can check that the structure is stable and determinate using the methods from Chapter 2. Using equation (1)(1):

ie=3m+r−(3j+ec)(1)(1)
ie=3m+r−(3j+ec)=3(3)+3−(3(4)+0)=0

Since ie=0 then the structure is determinate. It is also stable since there are no collapse mechanisms present.

The next step in the analysis is to find the reaction forces. In this structure there are three reaction forces, Ax and Ay at the left pin,
and Dy at the right roller. We will find the reactions using equilibrium on the entire structure. The free body diagram of the structure is
shown in Figure 4.9.
• Starting with the moment equilibrium about point A to find the vertical reaction at D (Dy):
• ↶∑MA=0
• −75(5)−25(7)(3.5)+Dy(7)=0
• Dy=141.1kN↑
• For horizontal equilibrium, the horizontal reaction at A (Ax) is originally assumed to be positive (pointing
to the right):
• →∑Fx=0
• Ax+75Ax=0
• Ax=−75kN
• But the negative solution tells us that Ax actually points to the left (as shown in Figure 4.9:
• Vertical equilibrium:
• ↑∑Fy=0
• Ay−25(7)+DyAy−25(7)+141.1=0
• Ay=33.9kN↑
• Now, the structure must be divided into separate members. Our structure will be divided into three
members, AB, BC, and CD. We will go through each in turn, solving for all the unknown end forces, axial
force, shear force and moment before moving on to the next member. The free body diagram and
solution for member AB is shown in Figure 4.10.
• Figure 4.10: Example Frame Member AB
The free body diagram (FBD) on the left of Figure 4.10 shows all of the information that is currently known about
member AB. It contains the known reactions at the base Ax and Ay. In addition, the unknown forces at point B are also
shown. To form the FBD for member AB, the structure had to be cut at point B. Since the structure is continuous at that
point, we know that vertical and horizontal forces and a moment must be transmitted across the cut. Since we don't
know anything about these forces yet, they are all drawn in the positive direction. The notation BxAB means: "the force
at point B in the x-direction, acting on member AB." Likewise, MABBMBAB means: "the moment at point B acting on
member AB."

The FBD, has three unknowns: BxAB, ByAB, and MbAB. We can solve for these three unknowns using the equations
of equilibrium.

↶∑MB=0
MB−75(8)=0
MB=600kNm↶
→∑Fx=0
Bx−75=0
Bx=75.0kN
↑∑Fy=0
By+33.9=0
By=33.9kN↓
The resulting solved FBD is shown in Figure 4.10.
Now that we know all of the forces acting on member AB, we can use the methods of beam analysis to find
the axial, shear and moment diagrams which are shown in Figure 4.10.
The construction of the axial force diagram is similar to the shear force diagram, starting at one end, forces
that are parallel to the member that cause compression, move the axial force diagram one way, and forces
that cause tension, move it the other way. It doesn't matter which way is which on the diagram, as long as
it is indicated on the diagram. The compression side of the axial force diagram is shown with a 'C' in the
figure. In this case, we can start at point A, assuming that the member is fixed at the other end (point B).
The vertical reaction force at A of 49.5kN causes the member to go in compression, so we move the axial
force diagram to the right by the same amount and indicate that side as being in compression. There is no
other load parallel to the member until point B, which has a force of 49.5kN that would cause tension in the
member if it pushes it away from B (assume that the force acts just below point B). This pushes the axial
force diagram back to the left, meeting up with the member axis at 0.
The shear and moment diagrams for this member are simple and were constructed moving from bottom to
top. The moment diagram is 'drawn on the compression side.' This means that for whichever side of of the
member that shows a moment on the moment diagram, the extreme fibre on that side of the beam will be
in compression. For this member AB, all of the moment is on the left side of the member. Therefore the left
side of the member is in compression (and the right side is in tension).
At a cut location, moment arrows always point towards the compression side of the member. Now that
member AB has been completely solved, we can move on to the next member, member BC, which is
shown in Figure 4.11.
Figure 4.11: Example Frame Member BC Equilibrium and Resolution of Forces into the Local Axis Direction
• Part (a) of Figure 4.11 shows a free body diagram of member BC with all of the information that is currently known.
Since members AB and BC are on either side of the cut at point B, the forces and moments must be transferred at
that point. So, we can take the forces at point B from member AB and apply them to point B on member BC;
however, we must be sure to reverse the direction of the forces, since forces and moments must be equal and
opposite on either side of a cut (as previously discussed in Section 1.6). The horizontal force changes direction from
right to left, the vertical force changes from down to up, and the moment changes from counter-clockwise to
clockwise. Again, there are three unknown forces/moments at point C due to the cut between member BC and
member CD:  CxBC, CyBC, and MCBC. These may be found using equilibrium:

• ↶∑McBC=0
• McBC+25(7)(3.5)−33.9(7)−75.0(2)−600=0
• ↶McBC=374.8kNm↶
• →∑Fx=0
• −75+CxBC=0
• →CxBC=75.0kN→
• ↑∑Fy=0
• 33.9−25(7)+CyBC=0
• CyBC=141.1kN↑
• The resulting solved free body diagram is shown in Part (b) of Figure 4.11. Since member BC is an inclined member,
we need to resolve all of the forces into the local member directions (i.e. perpendicular and parallel to the member)
before we can find the axial, shear and moment on the member. This process is shown in Parts (c) and (d) of the
figure. Part (c) shows how to convert the horizontal and vertical forces at point B into forces that are perpendicular
and parallel to member BC. To do this, each force must be split into two components, one perpendicular and one
parallel to member BC. The perpendicular components from each are then added together to get the total
perpendicular point load at B:

• Pperp=75.0sinθ+33.9cosθ
• Pperp=75.0sin15.9°+33.9cos15.9°
• Pperp=53.2kN↖ (perpendicular to BC)
• and the parallel forces are summed to get:
• Ppara=−75.0cos15.9°+33.9sin15.9°
• Ppara=62.8kN↙ (parallel. to BC)
• The same process is followed for the point loads at point C.
• Part (d) of Figure 4.11 shows the resulting point loads at either end of the member. It also shows the distributed load
resolved into the local axis (member) directions. The snow-type distributed load on the beam is resolved into the
perpendicular and parallel directions using the expressions previously shown in Figure 4.7:

• Wperp=wsnowcos2⁡θ
• Wperp=25(cos15.9°) 2
• Wperp=23.1kN/m↘
• Wpara=Wsnow cosθsinθ
• Wpara=25cos15.9°sin15.9
• Wpara=6.59kN/m↙

• The moments are not affected when translate the forces into the perpendicular and parallel directions.
• Part (e) of Figure 4.11 shows the same fully solved free-body diagram as Part (d) but simply rotated to be horizontal
so that it is easier to analyse. Note also that the length of the member itself (72+22−−−−−−√=7.28m72+22=7.28m) is
longer that the horizontal projection (7m7m).
• Now that all of the loads on member BC are known, the axial, shear and moment diagrams may be constructed
using the methods for beam analysis. This process is shown in Figure 4.12.
• Figure 4.12: Example Frame Member BC Axial,
Shear and Moment
• The axial force diagram is not constant for member BC, as shown in Figure 4.12, because the snow-type distributed load on the
member has a parallel component which acts along the length of the member. This parallel distributed load may be called
a traction along the length of the member. Moving from left to right, the member starts with a tension of 62.8kN62.8kNwhich is then
steadily reduced by a traction in the same direction of 6.59kNm6.59kNm, which moves the axial force diagram further towards the
tension side. This results in a slope on the axial force diagram also equal to 6.59kNm6.59kNm. At the right end of the member, a
final compression (in the opposite direction) of 110.8kN110.8kN brings the axial force diagram back to zero.

• The shear force and bending moment diagrams are constructed as before, with particular attention to the slope of the moment
diagram at any point being directly equal to the value of the shear force diagram at the same point. The moment diagram shown
in Figure 4.12, starts with a jump up due to the clockwise moment at point B, then moves even higher due to the shear between
points B and B', before dropping once again between points B' and C. It is important to identify the maximum moment and where
that maximum moment occurs. The value of the maximum moment is easily found by adding the moment at point B
(600kNm600kNm) to the area under the shear force diagram between points B and B' (a triangle with a height of 53.2kN53.2kN). To
find the area of that triangle, we need to know the length of the base. This may be found using similar triangles as shown (the total
length of the member multiplied by the height of the small triangle divided by the total height of both triangles). In this case the
length of the smaller triangle is 2.303m2.303m as shown. This also identifies the location of the point of maximum moment, which
should be identified on the moment diagram. Using this length, the area under the shear force diagram between points B and B' is
equal to 0.5(53.2)(2.303)=61.2kNm0.5(53.2)(2.303)=61.2kNm. This gives a maximum moment
of 600+61.2=661.2kNm600+61.2=661.2kNm at a location 2.303m2.303m from point B.

• Since the shape of the shear force diagram is linear, then the shape of the moment diagram should be parabolic. The shape of the
parabola can be easily determined by sketching in the slope of the moment diagram at both ends as shown in Figure 4.12 and by
identifying locations of zero slope, which are also the points where the shear force diagram equals zero. This moment diagram is
again drawn on the compression side of the member and it can be seen that, as mentioned previously, the point moments at the
ends of the member point towards the compression side of the beam at either end.
Now that member BC is completely solved, we can move onto the final member, member CD, which is
shown in Figure 4.13.
• The free body diagram of member CD shown in Figure 4.13 includes all of the information that is known up to this
point (including the opposite direction forces from member BC at point C). As this figure shows, there are no
unknown forces that need to be found for member CD. This is typically the case with the final member in a frame
analysis. We have already determined the forces at point D when we found the reactions using global equilibrium;
however, we can use equilibrium on member CD as a check that we have solved the rest of the frame properly. If we
do this check and equilibrium is not satisfied, then we have made a mistake in one of the previous steps. So, let's
check equilibrium for member CD:

• ✓↶∑MC=0
• −374.8+75(5)=0✓
• ✓→∑Fx=0
• 75−75=0✓
• ↑∑Fy=0
• 141.1−141.1=0✓
• All of the equilibrium equations are satisfied, so we can have some confidence that our solution is correct.
• Knowing all of the forces on member CD, we can construct the axial, shear and moment diagrams using beam
analysis methods as shown in Figure 4.13.

• Now that all of the axial, shear and moment diagrams have been constructed for each member, the last optional
step is to combine them onto a single diagram which shows the axial, shear and moment for the entire structure.
Such diagrams are shown in Figure 4.14.
Figure 4.14: Example Frame Solution Summary