Newborn Assessment

Newborn Assessment
Prepared by: Sarah Diana Rose S. Manalili, RN

University of Mindanao
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Vernix caseosa is a white,
creamy, naturally occurring
biofilm covering the skin of the
fetus during the last trimester of
pregnancy. Vernix coating on
the neonatal skin protects
the newborn skin and facilitates
extra-uterine adaptation of skin
in the first postnatal week if not
washed away after birth.

Lanugo is the hair that
covers the body of
some newborns. This
downy, unpigmented
hair is the first type of
hair that grows from
hair follicles. It can be
found everywhere on
a baby's body, except
on the palms, lips, and
soles of the feet. Most
fetuses
develop lanugoaround
the fourth or fifth
month of pregnancy.
Neonatal
desquamation is
another common
skin problem of
the newborn tha
t usually occurs
on hands, feet
and ankles. If
eruptions are
widespread, it
should be
distinguished
from ichthyosis
vulgaris and
continual peeling
syndrome. This
benign condition
is also
accompanied by
post maturity.
Milia are tiny
white bumps that
appear across a
baby's nose, chin
or
cheeks. Milia are
common
in newborns but
can occur at any
age. You can't
prevent milia. And
no treatment is
needed because
they usually
disappear on their
own in a few
weeks or months.
Erythema
toxicum — also
called erythema
toxicum neonator
um (ETN) or
toxic erythema of
the newborn — is
a common rash
seen in full-term
newborns. It
usually appears in
the first few days
after birth and
fades within a
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A forceps delive
ry is a type of
assisted vaginal
delivery. It's
sometimes
needed in the
course of vaginal
childbirth. In
a forceps deliver
y, a health care
provider
applies forceps
— an instrument
shaped like a
pair of large
spoons or salad
tongs — to the
baby's head to
help guide the
baby out of the
birth canal.
Mongolian spots (MS) are congenital birthmarks seen most commonly over
the lumbosacral area. They are bluish-green to black in color and oval to
irregular in shape. They are most commonly found in individuals of African
or Asian ethnic background.

HEAD

• When babies are born their skulls are soft,
which helps them pass through the birth
canal.
• It can take 9-18 months before
a baby's skull is fully formed. During this
time some babies develop positional
plagiocephaly.
• This means that there is a flat area on the
back or side of the head.
Conehead babies are
simply a sign of vaginal
birth, so try not to let
your newborn's
head shape bug you too
much. In the vast
majority of cases,
your baby's
coneheadshould round
out in no time.

FONTANELLE

Caput Succedaneum

• “Caput succedaneum” refers to swelling,
or edema, of an infant's scalp that
appears as a lump or bump on their head
shortly after delivery.
• This condition is harmless and is due to
pressure put on the infant's head during
delivery.
• It doesn't indicate damage to the brain or
the bones of the cranium.
CEPHALHEMATOMA

A cephalohematoma is an accumulation of
blood under the scalp. During the birth process,
small blood vessels on the head of the fetus are
broken as a result of minor trauma.
EYES

EARS
MOUTH

Epstein pearls are
small, harmless cysts
that form in a
newborn's mouth
during the early weeks
and months of
development. The
bumps contain keratin,
a protein that occurs
naturally in human
skin, hair, and
nails. Epstein
pearls go away on
their own within a few
weeks of the baby's
birth and are not a
cause for concern.
TYPES OF CLEFT LIP
AND PALATE

Types of Cleft lip
A forme fruste
unilateral cleft lip is a
small cleft on one side
of the lip. This may
appear as a small
indentation of the lip.
A complete unilateral
cleft lip is a cleft on
one side of the lip.

Incomplete
unilateral
cleft lip
A cleft on one
side of the
upper lip,
which does not
extend into the
nose.

Complete unilateral
cleft lip
A cleft on one side of
the upper lip, which
extends into the nose.

Incomplete bilateral cleft lip
Clefts on both sides of the upper lip, not extending to the nose.

Complete
bilateral
cleft lip
Clefts on
both sides
of the
upper lip,
extending
into the
nose.

Types of
Cleft
Palate

Complete cleft
palate
A cleft affecting the
hard and soft parts of
the palate. The mouth
and nose cavities are
exposed to each
other.

Submucous cleft palate
A cleft involving the hard
and/or soft palate, covered
by the mucous membrane
lining the roof of the
mouth. May be difficult to
visualize.

CHEST

ABDOMEN

BACK

BLINKING OR CORNEAL
REFLEX
• The corneal blink reflex is caused by a loop between

the trigeminal sensory nerves and the facial motor
(VII) nerve innervation of the orbicularis oculi
muscles. The reflexactivates when a sensory stimulus
contacts either free nerve endings or
mechanoreceptors within the epithelium of the
cornea.

• Approaching his eye from
the side, out of his line of
vision, lightly touch a thin
strand of clean cotton (as
from a cotton ball) to his
cornea. Observe
for blinking and tearing in
that eye (direct corneal
reflex). At the same time,
observe whether his other
eye blinks(consensual cor
neal reflex).

• Sneezing in infants is
a reflex just like it is
with adults.
The reflex occurs when
the nasal passages are
irritated. Unlike a lot of
other reflexes like the
startle reflex or the
Moro reflex,
the sneezing reflex is
one that sticks around
as the baby grows and
into adulthood.
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These reflexes are
involuntary
movements that
happen either
spontaneously or as
responses to
different actions.
The sucking reflex,
for example,
happens when the
roof of
a baby's mouth is
touched.
The baby will begin
to suck when this
area is stimulated,
which helps with
nursing or bottle
feeding.

Rooting reflex:
A reflex that is
seen in normal
newborn babies,
who
automatically turn
the face toward
the stimulus and
make sucking
(rooting) motions
with the mouth
when the cheek or
lip is touched.
The rooting
reflex helps to
ensure successful
breastfeeding.

Gag reflex –
The infant
gags when any
object, such as a
spoon or a piece of
solid food, is placed
way back in the
mouth; the object is
then propelled
forward on the
tongue.
This reflex helps to
protect
an infant from
swallowing
inappropriate food
or objects that could
cause choking.

Palmar grasp
reflex (sometimes
simply grasp
reflex) is a
primitive reflex
found
in infants of
humans and most
primates. When an
object is placed in
an infant's hand
and the palm of
the child is
stroked, the
fingers will close
reflexively, as the
object is grasped
via palmar grasp.

Palmar grasp
reflex (sometimes
simply grasp
reflex) is a
primitive reflex
found
in infants of
humans and most
primates. When an
object is placed in
an infant's hand
and the palm of
the child is
stroked, the
fingers will close
reflexively, as the
object is grasped
via palmar grasp.

The Moro
reflex is often
called a startle
reflex. That's
because it usually
occurs when a
baby is startled by
a loud sound or
movement. In
response to the
sound, the baby
throws back his or
her head, extends
out his or her
arms and legs,
cries, then pulls
the arms and legs
back in.

The crawling reflex
If your baby is placed on their
stomach, they will pull their
legs under their body and kick
them out in a crawling motion.
In fact, when newborn babies
are placed on their mother's
stomachs, they are able
to crawl up to their mother's
breast and start suckling.

Harlequin color change is a cutaneous condition seen in newborn babies
characterized by momentary red color changes of half the child, sharply demarcated at
the body's midline. This transient change occurs in approximately 10% of healthy
newborns. It is seen usually between two and five days of birth.

Torticollis is a
problem involving the
muscles of the neck
that causes the head to
tilt down. The term
comes from two Latin
words: tortus, which
means twisted, and
collum, which means
neck. Sometimes it's
called “wryneck.” If
your baby has the
condition at birth, it's
called congenital
muscular torticollis.
• Babies are born to boogie. ...
• Newborns have natural aquatic instincts when in water! ...
• Babies are born with 300 bones. ...
• Smiles are reserved for human babies only. ...
• Newborns don't have kneecaps. ...
• Babies go through around 3360 nappies in the first year. ...
• Infants first recognise the colour red.


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Newborn Assessment

Prepared by: Sarah Diana Rose S. Manalili, RN

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• The corneal blink reflex is caused by a loop between

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