Reported by: Jayson "Jessie" Cajala

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF INFANTS AND
TODDLERS
LET'S Type "Laugh" emoji if you have
HAVE experienced the statement given
POSITIVITY
GAME

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experienced the statement given
Baby Question #1

Eat Fecal (Shit) as a kid?

Baby Question #2

Fell down the stairs or Canal

resulting in scars on the
forehead or face?
Baby Question #3

Pinched or Hit
hard for being too
naughty?
Baby Question #4

Loved to steal toys

as a child?
Baby Question #5

Enrolled in a
nursery or
kindergarten at
age of 3 years old?
Physical Development:

Refers to biological changes that children

undergo as they age. Includes physical and
brain change; development of reflexes, motor
skills, sensation, perceptions, learning skills;
and health issues
Infant-
- from birth to around 1 year of age
-refers to a baby that can neither walk
nor talk.
-It is an early stage of development or
just a beginning.

Toddlers
-from 1 year to 3 years of age
- refers to a young child who is learning
to walk.
Directional Growth
Pattern/Trend
1. Cephalocaudal Pattern
2. Proximodistal Pattern
Cephalocaudal Pattern

The prefix "cephalo" originates from Ancient

Greek and means "head". The word "cauda" is
derived from Latin and means "tail", so the
term cephalocaudal means from head to tail
Proximodistal Pattern
It comes from the Latin words
proxim- which means "close" and "-
dis-" meaning "away from", because
the trend essentially describes a path
from the center outward.
 Cephalocaudal Development Proximodistal Development

 Refers to the pattern of

development that occurs from  Refers to the pattern of
the head or brain area down development that occurs from
to toe or the lower parts of the the center or core of the
Trunk or core body. body outwards.
 This means that the head and  This means that the trunk or
upper body of a child core of a child develops
develop before the legs and before the limbs
feet.

 For example, infants can grasp

 For example, babies can lift objects with their whole hand
their heads first before they before they develop fine motor
can roll over. skills for grasping objects
between their fingers.
 Developmental Cephalocaudal Proximodistal
Aspect Development Development

Growth of the
Faster Slower
Trunk or core
Head

Growth of the
Slower Faster
Limbs

Fine Motor Control Develops later Develops earlier

Gross Motor
Develops earlier Develops later
Control
Facts about Height and Weight
of a Baby
Height and Weight
It's normal for newborn babies to drop 5 to 10
percent of their body weight within a couple of
weeks of birth. That is due to the baby's
adjustment to neonatal feeding. Once they adjust
to sucking, swallowing, and digesting, they grow
rapidly.
Height and Weight

Breastfed babies are typically heavier than

bottle-fed babies through the first six
months. After six months, breastfed babies
usually, weigh less than bottle-fed babies
Height and Weight
A baby's weight usually triples during
the first year but slows down in the
second year of life. It is normal as long
as infants progress along the natural
curve.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE
HEIGHT AND WEIGHT OF A
BABY.
1.Size of parents
2.Multiple Birth
3.Birth Order
4.Mom's health during
pregnancy.
Brain Development
of a Baby
Brain Development
of a Baby

Brain Development
of a Baby
 -Nerve cells or neurons are the fundamental units of the brain.

The Nerve Cells These are responsible for sending messages all over our body so
that we can do the daily activities from breathing to talking,
eating, walking, and thinking.

-The dendrites are the ones that receive the signal or sensory
input from the external world. Apparently, this is what gives
information to our body.

-Then the axon will receive that information and transmit the
information to the muscles or other parts of our body.

-The axon of each neuron reaches toward the dendrites of other

neurons at intersections called synapses, which are critical
communication links within the brain.

- Axons and dendrites do not touch

-And pieces of information are passed through electrical

impulses, which is what we call neurotransmitters.
Myelination or Myelinization
-Process by which axons are covered and by
layer of fat cell.
-Begins prenatally and continuous to birth.

Myelin- an insulating layer, or sheath that

forms around nerves.
Myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to
transmit quickly and efficiently along the
nerve cells.
- If myelin is damaged, these impulses slow
down
Risk of SLOWDOWN Myelinization to Newborn

•Affected ability to move, maintain balance,

and posture,
•Difficulties with muscle tone,
•Difficulties with coordination,
•Difficulties with movement, and
•Difficulties with speech.
-Note: At birth, newborn’s brain is about 25% of its adult
weight. By the second birthday, the brain is 75% of its adult
weight.
Gross Motor Skills Development
 Example: buttoning, getting a milk

Fine motor skills development bottle, and activities that involve

eye-hand coordination.
 Reflex
An action that is performed as a
response to a stimulus and without
conscious thought.
"a newborn baby is equipped with
basic reflexes"
 Suckin
g
Reflex
Initiated whensomething touches
the roof of an infant's mouth
which helps to ensure that they
can latch onto the bottle.
Rooting
Reflex
The rooting reflex is most-evident when
an infant's cheek is stroked. The baby
responds by turning his or her head in
the direction of the touch and opening
their mouth for feeding.
 Grippin
g Reflex
Babies will grasp anything that is
placed in their palm. The strength
of this grip is strong, and most
babies can support their entire
weight in their grip
Curlin
g
Reflex
When the innersole of a baby's foot is
stroked, the infant responds by curling his
or her toes. When the outersole of a baby's
foot is stroked, the infant will respond by
spreading out their toes.
 Startled/Moro
Reflex
The Moro reflex is a normal reflex for an infant
when he or she is startled or feels like they are
falling. The infant will have a startled look and the
arms will fling out sideways with the palms up and
the thumbs flexed. Absence of the Moro reflex in
newborn infants is abnormal and may indicate an
injury or disease.
Galant Reflex

The galant reflex is shown when an infant's

middle or lower back is stroked next to the spinal
cord. The baby will respond by curving his or
her body toward the side which is being stroked.
Its purpose is to encourage movement and
develop range of motion in the hip in
preparation for walking and crawling
may help your newborn to discover their hands and develop hand-eye coordination.

Tonic Reflex
The tonic neck reflex is often called the fencing
reflex. When your baby is lying down and
their head is turned to the right or left, the
corresponding arm extends while the other arm
bends next to their head. May help your
newborn to discover their hands and
develop hand-eye coordination.
What are research
findings regarding
newborns?
Can newborn seem?
The newborn's vision is about 10 to 30 times
lower than normal adult vision. By 6 months
of age, vision becomes better and by the first
birthday, the infant's vision approximates that
of an adult. (Banks & Salapatek, 1983 cited
by Santrock, 2002)
 Can newborns differentiate
odors?
Rearch shows that newborn babies can
recognize the smell of amniotic fluid
(Varendi et al 1997). They can also
distinguish between the scent of breast
milk and formula.
Breast m
ilk Formula
Can newborn feel
pain?
Yes, they do feel pain. Males
show a higher level of cortisol
(stress pain)
Can newborn distinguish the
different taste?
Yes, sensitivity to taste might be present
before birth. Because of study conducted
with two babies only two hour old, babies
made different facial expressions expression
when they tasted sweet, sour and bitter.
Intermodal Perception
The ability to relate, connect, and integrate
information about 2 or more sensory modalities such as
vision and hearing.
In study conducted by spelke and owsley (1979)
It was found out that as early as at 3 1/2 months old,
infant looked more at their mother when they also heard
her voice and longer at their father when they also heard
his voice.
THANK
YOU!