Understanding the information and the

following the advise could saved most

of those lives and minimize injury and

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

property losses caused by fire.

STEPS TO BE OBSERVED:
1. Know your enemy
2. Learns how fire happens
3. Learn how it kills
Understanding how fire burns will result
to better ways of extinguishing fires.
 PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION
F
C ire
hemistry of
OXYGEN
FUEL

HEAT
 Fire has been both a help and a
hindrance to mankind throughout

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

history. Fire has heated our homes,
cooked our food, and helped us to
become technologically advanced. Fire,
in its hostile mode, has also endangered
us for as long as we have used it.
 FIRE
FUEL

HEAT
C
OXY
GEN hemistry of F ire

Fire-is a chemical reaction.

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

It is the rapid oxidation of a
fuel producing heat and
light. It may be defined as
chemical process
accompanied by the
evolution of heat or a
material oxidizing rapidly
that produces a luminous
flame.
 FUEL

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Triangle of Fire
OXY
HEAT
GEN hemistry of ire

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

For many years, the
fire triangle (oxygen,
fuel and heat) was
used to teach the
components of fire.
While this simple
example is useful, it
is NOT technically
correct.
 FUEL

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Fire Tetrahedron
OXY
HEAT
GEN hemistry of ire

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

For combustion to occur,
four components are
necessary:
• Oxygen (oxidizing agent)
• Fuel
• Heat
• Self-sustained chemical
reaction
 FUEL

HEAT
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OXY
GEN hemistry of F ire

COMPONENTS OF FIRE

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• OXYGEN (Oxidizing Agent)- enough
oxygen to sustain combustion.
• FUEL- some fuel or combustible
material.
• HEAT- enough heat to reach ignition
temperature.
• SELF-SUSTAINED CHEMICAL
REACTION- together, they produce
the chemical reaction that is fire.
 FUEL

HEAT
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OXY
GEN hemistry of F ire

OXYGEN (Oxidizing Agent)

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

Oxidizing agents are
those materials that yield
oxygen or other oxidizing
gases during the course of
a chemical reaction.
Oxidizers are not
themselves combustible,
but they support
combustion when
combined with a fuel.
 FUEL

HEAT
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OXY
hemistry of F ire

OXYGEN
GEN

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1. IN NORMAL AIR 21%
2. TO SUPPORT COMBUSTION,
APPROXIMATELY 16% REQUIRED
3. PEOPLE WILL HAVE DIFFICULTY
OF THINKING CLEARLY AND
CONTROLLING THEIR MUSCLES.
4. BREATHING STOPS IF OXYGEN
IN THE AIR IS 6% TO 10%.
5. 4 TO 6 MINS WITHOUT OXYGEN
BRAIN DEATH OCCUR.
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GEN hemistry of F ire

FUEL

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Fuel is the material or substance
being oxidized or burned in the
combustion process.
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FUEL
OXY
HEAT
GEN hemistry of ire

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

SOLID LIQUIDS GAS
COAL GASOLINE HELIUM
WOOD KEROSENE HYDROGEN
PAPER DIESEL ACETYLENE
CLOTH ALCOHOL PROPANE
PLASTICS LACQUER BUTANE
HOUSE GARMENTS PAINTS/VARNISH METHANE
 FUEL

HEAT
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OXY
GEN hemistry of F ire

HEAT

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

Heat is the energy component of the fire
tetrahedron. When heat comes into contact
with a fuel, the energy supports the
combustion reaction.
 F
U
E
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H
E
A
hemistry of ire

HEAT
T

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

SOURCES OF HEAT:
1. OPEN FLAME
2. ELECTRIC ENERGY/APPLIANCES
3. MECHANICALS/ENGINES
4. FLYING EMBERS
5. LIGHTNING/ SOLAR ENERGY
 F
U
E
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OPEN FLAME
H
E
A
T hemistry of ire

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

SOURCES OF HEAT
 F
U
E
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H
E
A
T hemistry of ire

ELECTRIC ENERGY/APPLIANCES

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

SOURCES OF HEAT
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U
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H
E
A
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MECHANICALS/ENGINES

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

SOURCES OF HEAT
 F
U
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FLYING EMBERS
H
E
A
T hemistry of ire

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

SOURCES OF HEAT
 F
U
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LIGHTNING
H
E
A
T hemistry of ire

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

SOURCES OF HEAT
 FUEL

HEAT
C
OXY
GEN hemistry of F ire

SELF-SUSTAINED CHEMICAL

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REACTION
Combustion is a complex reaction that
requires a fuel (in the gaseous or vapor
state), an oxidizer, and a heat energy to
come together in a very specific way. Once
flaming combustion or fire occurs, it can
only continue when enough heat energy is
produced to cause the continued
development of fuel vapors or gases.
Scientists call this type of reaction a “chain
reaction”. A chain reaction is a series of
reactions that occur in sequence with the
result of each individual reaction being
added to the rest.
 FUEL

HEAT
C
OXY
GEN hemistry of F ire

FIRE TETRAHEDRON

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

 FUEL

HEAT
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OXY
GEN hemistry of F ire

FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT

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THEORY
Fire is extinguished by limiting or interrupting
one or more of the essential elements in the
combustion process (fire tetrahedron). A fire may
be extinguished by:
a.) Reducing its Temperature
b.) Removal of available Fuel
c.) Exclusion of Oxygen
d.) Inhibition of Self-Sustained Chemical
Chain Reaction.
 FUEL

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OXY
F
STAGES OF FIRE
DEVELOPMENT
HEAT
GEN hemistry of ire

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

FLASH-OVER

POST FLASH-OVER

GROWTH

IGNITION

FULLY DECAY
DEVELOPED FIRE

TIME
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CLASSES OF FIRE AND ITS

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
• Class A- Ordinary combustible
materials
• Example-wood, trash, cloth,
paper, rubber and many
plastics

• Extinguishing agent- Water

 FUEL

HEAT
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OXY
GEN hemistry of F ire

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

• Class B- Flammable
liquids, greases and
gases
• Example- Gasoline,
kerosene ,LPG, thinner ,
paints
• Extinguishing agent- Dry
powder and Foam
 FUEL

HEAT
C
OXY
GEN hemistry of F ire

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

• Class C- Energized
electrical equipment
• Example- Fuse, overheated
electric appliance, short
circuit ,worn out insulation.
• Extinguishing agent- de-
energized apply non-
conductive extinguisher.
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H
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A
T hemistry of ire

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

• Class D- Combustible metals
• Example- , TNT, C4, titanium,
magnesium, sodium,
potassium, zirconium
• Extinguishing agent- use
special powders based on
sodium chloride or other salts;
also clean dry sand.
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H
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A
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PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

• Class K- Fires in cooking
appliances that involve
combustible cooking media,
such as
• Example- , vegetable or
animal oils and fats.
• Extinguishing agent- use type
CO2 and Foam Fire
Extinguisher.
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U
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H
E
A
T hemistry of ire

BY PRODUCT OF FIRE

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

• HEAT
• LIGHT
• SMOKE
• OXYGEN DEFICIENCY
• ASHES AND EMBERS
• CARBON DIOXIDE
• CARBON MONOXIDE
• HYDROGEN CYANIDE
• HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
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H
E
A
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MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

CONDUCTION- direct contact.
CONVECTION- Transmission of heat
through conductor/ medium such as
pipe, hot air duet.
RADIATION- transmission by means of
rays, or straight line from a source to
receiving material without heating the
intervening medium
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CONDUCTION

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

HEAT TRANSFER
 F
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CONVECTION
L

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H
E
A
T hemistry of ire

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

HEAT TRANSFER
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RADIATION

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

HEAT TRANSFER
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MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

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QUESTIONS?

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FIRE STATION