LESSON 1:

MATHEMATICS IN
OUR WORLD
 What is
Mathematics?
 Mathematics has
no universally
accepted definition.
(Tobies, 2012)
 Mathematics is a
science of quantity.
- Aristotle
(384 – 322 BCE)
It is the science of
indirect
measurement.
- Auguste Comte
(1798 - 1857)
 Mathematics is a
science that draws
necessary
conclusions.
- Benjamin Pierce
(1809 - 1880)
All mathematics is
symbolic logic.
- Bertrand Russel
(1872 - 1970)
 Mathematics is not all about
numbers. Rather, it is more
about reasoning, making
logical inferences and
generalizations, and seeing
relationship in both the visible
and invisible patterns in the
natural world.
PATTERN AND
SYMMETRY
 A pattern is a regularity in
the world, in human-made
design, or in abstract ideas or
it is a regular, or recurring
forms or design.
Numeric patterns or number
patterns are patterns or
sequences in a series of
numbers. This pattern
generally establishes a
common relationship between
all numbers.
 Example:

31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31
Common Number Patterns
A. Arithmetic Sequences
B. Geometric Sequences
C. Special Sequences
 A. Arithmetic Sequences
- made by adding the same value
each time

Ex: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25

…

The value added each time is

called the “COMMON
DIFFERENCE”
 B. Geometric Sequences
- made by multiplying by the
same value each time.

Ex: 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, …

What we multiply by each

time is called the
“COMMON RATIO”
 C. Special Sequences

1. Triangular numbers
(1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, …)
 C. Special Sequences

2. Square numbers
They are squares of whole numbers:
0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, …
 C. Special Sequences

3. Cube numbers
They are cubes of whole numbers:
1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, …
Geometric pattern is a kind of
pattern formed of geometric
shapes and typically repeated
like a wallpaper design.
Symmetry comes from a Greek
word ‘syn’ and ‘metron’ meaning
“to measure together”.
Mathematically, symmetry
means that one shape becomes
exactly like another when you
move it in some way: turn, flip
or slide.
A. Reflection Symmetry (sometimes
called Line Symmetry or Mirror
Symmetry). It is easy to see, because
one half is the reflection of the other
half.
 B. Rotational Symmetry, the image is
rotated (around a central point) so that it
appears two or more times. How many
times it appears is called the order.
The order of rotational symmetry of
a geometric figure is the number of
times you can rotate the geometric
figure so that its looks exactly the
same as the original figure.
Angle of Rotation/
Magnitude
=
 c. Point Symmetry is when every part
has a matching part: the same distance
from the central point but in the opposite
direction.
PATTERNS IN NATURE
 Patterns in nature are visible
regularities of form found in the
natural world. These patterns
recur in different contexts and
can sometimes be modelled
mathematically. Natural patterns
include symmetries, trees,
spirals, meanders, waves, foams,
tessellations, cracks and stripes.
 FRACTALS

A fractal is a rough or fragmented geometric

shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of
which is (at least approximately) a
reduced/size copy of the whole.
Fractal-like patterns occur widely in nature,
in phenomena as diverse as clouds, river
networks, geologic fault lines, mountains,
coastlines, animal coloration, snowflakes,
crystals, blood vessel branching, and ocean
waves.
FRACTALS
 SPIRALS

A spiral is a curved pattern that focuses on a

center point and a series of circular shapes
that revolve around it. Examples of spirals
are pine cones, pineapples, hurricanes.
SPIRAL
 WAVES AND DUNES

Waves are disturbances that carry energy as

they move. Mechanical waves propagate
through a medium – air or water, making it
oscillate as they pass by. As waves in water
or wind pass over sand, they create patterns
of ripples. When winds blow over large
bodies of sand, they create dunes, sometimes
in extensive dune fields as in the Taklamakan
desert. Dunes may form a range of patterns
including crescents, very long straight lines,
stars, domes, parabolas, and longitudinal or
Seif (‘sword’) shapes.
WAVES AND DUNES
 SPOTS AND STRIPES

Leopards and ladybirds are spotted; angelfish and

zebras are striped. These patterns have an
evolutionary explanation: they have functions which
increase the chances that the offspring of the
patterned animal will survive to reproduce. One
function of animal patterns is camouflage; for
instance, a leopard that is harder to see catches more
prey. Another function is signaling — for instance, a
ladybird is less likely to be attacked by predatory
birds that hunt by sight, if it has bold warning
colors, and is also distastefully bitter or poisonous,
or mimics other distasteful insects.
SPOTS AND STRIPES
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE &
GOLDEN RATIO
 The Fibonacci sequence is one of
the most famous formulas in
mathematics. Each number in the
sequence is the sum of the two
numbers that precede it. So, the
sequence goes: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,
21, 34, and so on.

It’s been called “nature’s secret

code,” and “nature’s universal
rule.”
 The Fibonacci numbers started
when Leonardo Pisano Bigollo,
working under the pseudo name
Fibonacci, proposed a problem
about the breeding of rabbits. He
started with a newly-born pair (male
and female) of rabbits which were
able to mate after one month.
 The Golden Ratio is a design
concept based on using the
Fibonacci sequence to create
visually appealing proportions in
art, architecture, and graphic design.
The proportion, size and placement
of one element compared to another
creates a sense of harmony that our
subconscious mind is attracted to.
 The Golden mean or ratio is a
special number found by dividing a
line into two parts so parts so that
the longer part divided by the
smaller part is also equal to the
whole length divided by the longer
part.
 If you have a wooden board that is 0.75 meters
wide, how long should you cut it such that the
golden ratio is observed. Use 1.618 as the value
of the golden ratio.

W = 0.75 m

L=?
Solving Population using
Exponential Patterns
In solving population growth or decay, use the

Exponential Growth formula:

A=Pert
where
A = final population
P = initial population
e = Euler’s constant (approximately equal
to 2.718)
r = rate of growth (must be expressed in
percent)
t = time in years
In 1950, the world's population was 2,555,982,611.
With a growth rate of approximately 1.68%, what
was the population in 1955?
In 2020, the Philippine population was
109,581,078. With a growth rate of approximately
1.35%, what is the approximate population in
2022?
A = 500,000
r = 1.5%/year
t = 10 years
Find P = ?
A = 1,500,000
r = 1.55%/year
t = 6.5 years
Find P = ?