INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

TARGET OUTCOME
• Organize, compute, present and interpret
statistical data using graphical and numerical
techniques.
STATISTICS
 STATISTICS
• Is concerned with scientific methods
 STATISTICS
• Is concerned with scientific methods for
C________, O________, S________,
P________, and A________ data,
 STATISTICS
• Is concerned with scientific methods for
COLLECTING, ORGANIZING, SUMMARIZING,
PRESENTING, and ANALYZING data, as well as
drawing valid conclusions and making
reasonable decisions on the basis of such
analysis.
STATISTICS
STATISTICS
 DESCRIPTIVE

STATISTICS

INFERENTIAL
 DESCRIPTIVE
- Concerned with describing
the characteristics and
properties of a group of
STATISTICS persons, places or things of
interest

INFERENTIAL
 DESCRIPTIVE
- Concerned with describing
the characteristics and
properties of a group of
STATISTICS persons, places or things of
interest

INFERENTIAL
- Concerned with drawing
inferences or conclusions about
the properties or characteristics
of a large group of people, places
or things on the bases of the
information from a small portion
of a large group
 PRACTICE!
1) A local basketball player finds his free throw average
for the past 5 games
2) A convenient store manager predicts the sale
performance of the company for the next 3 years
3) A teacher determines the percentage of students who
passed the departmental exam
4) An IT student computes his average monthly
expenditure on school supplies in the past four months
5) A traditional politician estimates his chance of winning
in the upcoming elections
 PRACTICE!
1) A local basketball player finds his free throw average
for the past 5 games
2) A convenient store manager predicts the sale
performance of the company for the next 3 years
3) A teacher determines the percentage of students who
passed the departmental exam
4) An IT student computes his average monthly
expenditure on school supplies in the past four months
5) A traditional politician estimates his chance of winning
in the upcoming elections
POPULATION
POPULATION

SAMPLE
 POPULATION
- Totality of all the actual or concerning objects of a
certain class under consideration

SAMPLE
 POPULATION
- Totality of all the actual or concerning objects of a
certain class under consideration

SAMPLE
- Portion or finite number
of objects taken from a
population
PARAMETER
PARAMETER

STATISTIC
 PARAMETER
- Numerical measure of population (population
mean, population variance)

STATISTIC
- Numerical measure of
sample (sample mean,
sample variance)
 YOUR TURN…
• VARIABLE
• DATA
• QUALITATIVE
• QUANTITATIVE
• DISCRETE
• CONTINUOUS
 PRACTICE AGAIN!
QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE?
1) Monthly salary
2) Outcome in tossing a coin
3) Year level
4) Height of trees
5) Student number
6) Hourly output of a machine
7) Speed of a car
8) Subjects enrolled this term
 PRACTICE AGAIN!
QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE?
1) Monthly salary
2) Outcome in tossing a coin
3) Year level
4) Height of trees
5) Student number
6) Hourly output of a machine
7) Speed of a car
8) Subjects enrolled this term
 PRACTICE AGAIN AND AGAIN!
DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS?
1) Height of basketball player
2) Length of a rod
3) Number of chairs in a room
4) Dimensions of a table
5) Number of possible outcomes on throwing a
die
 PRACTICE AGAIN AND AGAIN!
DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS?
1) Height of basketball player
2) Length of a rod
3) Number of chairs in a room
4) Dimensions of a table
5) Number of possible outcomes on throwing a
die
VARIABLE
VARIABLE CLASSIFICATIONS
VARIABLE CLASSIFICATIONS

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLE CLASSIFICATIONS

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
DATA
DATA LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
DATA LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

NOMINAL INTERVAL

ORDINAL
RATIO
DATA LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

NOMINAL INTERVAL
“IDENTIFICATION”

ORDINAL
RATIO
DATA LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

NOMINAL INTERVAL
“IDENTIFICATION”

ORDINAL
“ORDER” RATIO
DATA LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

NOMINAL INTERVAL
“IDENTIFICATION” “GREATER OR LESS”

ORDINAL
“ORDER” RATIO
DATA LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

NOMINAL INTERVAL
“IDENTIFICATION” “GREATER OR LESS”

ORDINAL
“ORDER” RATIO
“ZERO BASELINE”
 PRACTICE AGAIN 3X!
N, O, I, R
1) Religion
2) Civil status
3) Lot area
4) IQ
5) Speed of a car
6) Judging (1st place, 2nd place, etc)
7) Ranking of winners in a contest
8) Temperature
 PRACTICE AGAIN 3X!
N, O, I, R
1) Religion
2) Civil status
3) Lot area
4) IQ
5) Speed of a car
6) Judging (1st place, 2nd place, etc)
7) Ranking of winners in a contest
8) Temperature
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
“PORTION”
SAMPLE SAMPLING
“PORTION” “PROCESS”
SAMPLE SAMPLING SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
“PORTION” “PROCESS” “PROCEDURE”
SAMPLE SAMPLING SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
“PORTION” “PROCESS” “PROCEDURE”

PROBABILITY SAMPLING NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING

SAMPLE SAMPLING SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
“PORTION” “PROCESS” “PROCEDURE”

PROBABILITY SAMPLING NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING

“EQUAL CHANCE”
SAMPLE SAMPLING SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
“PORTION” “PROCESS” “PROCEDURE”

PROBABILITY SAMPLING NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING

“EQUAL CHANCE” “RESEARCHER’S CHOICE”
SAMPLE SAMPLING SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
“PORTION” “PROCESS” “PROCEDURE”

PROBABILITY SAMPLING NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING

“EQUAL CHANCE” “RESEARCHER’S CHOICE”

PROBABILITY SAMPLING NON-PROBABILTY SAMPLING

SIMPLE RANDOM CONVENIENCE
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM QUOTA
STRATIFIED RANDOM PURPOSIVE
CLUSTER
DATA COLLECTION
 DATA COLLECTION

PRIMARY SECONDARY
 DATA COLLECTION

PRIMARY SECONDARY
“first-hand”
 DATA COLLECTION

PRIMARY SECONDARY
“books, journals,
etc.”
 DATA COLLECTION

PRIMARY SECONDARY
“first-hand” “books, journals,
etc.”

D I R E
 DATA COLLECTION

PRIMARY SECONDARY
“first-hand” “books, journals,
etc.”

DIRECT INDIRECT REGISTRATION EXPERIMENTAL

 DATA COLLECTION

PRIMARY SECONDARY
“first-hand” “books, journals,
etc.”

DIRECT INDIRECT REGISTRATION EXPERIMENTAL

INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE NSO THESIS
D I
R E
RAW DATA
RAW DATA
RAW DATA
 HIGHEST
TO LOWEST

RAW DATA
 HIGHEST
TO LOWEST UNGROUPED

RAW DATA
 HIGHEST
TO LOWEST UNGROUPED
ARRAY
STEM AND LEAF PLOT
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
RAW DATA TABLE
 HIGHEST
TO LOWEST UNGROUPED
ARRAY
STEM AND LEAF PLOT
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
RAW DATA TABLE

CLASSES OR
CATEGORIES
 HIGHEST
TO LOWEST UNGROUPED
ARRAY
STEM AND LEAF PLOT
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
RAW DATA TABLE

CLASSES OR
GROUPED
CATEGORIES
 HIGHEST
TO LOWEST UNGROUPED
ARRAY
STEM AND LEAF PLOT
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
RAW DATA TABLE

CLASSES OR
GROUPED
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
CATEGORIES
TABLE
DATA PRESENTATION
 DATA PRESENTATION

T_ _ _ _ _ L G_______L
T_____R
 DATA PRESENTATION

TEXTUAL GRAPHICAL
TABULAR
 DATA PRESENTATION

TEXTUAL
During the first semester of AY 2017-2018,
2000 students enrolled in the programs of the
Faculty of Engineering. There were 700 students
enrolled in the Civil Engineering program, 500
students in the Mechanical Engineering program,
400 students in the Electronics Engineering
program, 300 students in the Chemical
Engineering program, and 100 students in the
Industrial Engineering program.
 DATA PRESENTATION

TABULAR
Table 1. Student population in the Faculty of Engineering for AY 17-18
Level CE ChE ECE IE ME Total
1st Year
2nd Year
3rd Year 250 100 150 30 200 730
4th Year 250 100 150 40 150 690
5th Year 200 100 100 30 150 580
Total 700 300 400 100 500 2000
DATA PRESENTATION

GRAPHICAL
TYPES
BAR
LINE
CIRCLE OR PIE
PICTOGRAM
 DATA PRESENTATION
VERTICAL BAR
GRAPH
GRAPHICAL
TYPES
BAR
LINE
CIRCLE OR PIE
PICTOGRAM
 DATA PRESENTATION
HORIZONTAL BAR
GRAPH
GRAPHICAL
TYPES
BAR
LINE
CIRCLE OR PIE
PICTOGRAM
DATA PRESENTATION

GRAPHICAL
TYPES
BAR
LINE
CIRCLE OR PIE
PICTOGRAM
DATA PRESENTATION

GRAPHICAL
TYPES
BAR
LINE
CIRCLE OR PIE
PICTOGRAM
DATA PRESENTATION

GRAPHICAL
TYPES
BAR
LINE
CIRCLE OR PIE
PICTOGRAM
 Your Turn Again!
• BIRTHDAY PRESENT – Think of a scenario
related to birthdays, and apply all the forms of
Data Presentation that have been discussed.
The more creative the scenario, the better!