Hypothesis Testing

Inferential Statistics
 Inferential Statistics
It offers varied tools and techniques that help the researcher draw valid and reliable
inferences or generalizations about the population on the basis of the sample.
 Inferential Statistics
It offers varied tools and techniques that help the researcher draw valid and reliable
inferences or generalizations about the population on the basis of the sample.

Statistical Hypothesis
 Inferential Statistics
It offers varied tools and techniques that help the researcher draw valid and reliable
inferences or generalizations about the population on the basis of the sample.

Statistical Hypothesis
It is a statement, assertion or claim about the nature of a population.
 Inferential Statistics
It offers varied tools and techniques that help the researcher draw valid and reliable
inferences or generalizations about the population on the basis of the sample.

Statistical Hypothesis
It is a statement, assertion or claim about the nature of a population.
 Inferential Statistics
It offers varied tools and techniques that help the researcher draw valid and reliable
inferences or generalizations about the population on the basis of the sample.

Statistical Hypothesis
It is a statement, assertion or claim about the nature of a population.

Null hypothesis, Ho Alternative hypothesis, H1

 Inferential Statistics
It offers varied tools and techniques that help the researcher draw valid and reliable
inferences or generalizations about the population on the basis of the sample.

Statistical Hypothesis
It is a statement, assertion or claim about the nature of a population.

Null hypothesis, Ho Alternative hypothesis, H1

No difference, no relationship, or There is difference, relationship
no significant effect or significant effect
 EXAMPLE
State the null and alternative hypotheses in each situation.

a) A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use vitamin pills, the birth weight of
babies will increase. The average weight of the population is 8.2 pounds.

b) An engineer hypothesizes that the mean number of defects can be decreased in a

manufacturing process of compact disks by using robots instead of humans for certain
tasks. The mean number of defective compact disks per 100 is 18.

Null hypothesis, Ho Alternative hypothesis, H1

No difference, no relationship, or There is difference, relationship
no significant effect or significant effect
 EXAMPLE
State the null and alternative hypotheses in each situation.

a) A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use vitamin pills, the birth weight of
babies will increase. The average weight of the population is 8.2 pounds.
Ho: The average weight of babies is 8.2 pounds.

b) An engineer hypothesizes that the mean number of defects can be decreased in a

manufacturing process of compact disks by using robots instead of humans for certain
tasks. The mean number of defective compact disks per 100 is 18.
Ho: The mean number of defective compact disk per 100 is 18.

Null hypothesis, Ho Alternative hypothesis, H1

No difference, no relationship, or There is difference, relationship
no significant effect or significant effect
 EXAMPLE
State the null and alternative hypotheses in each situation.

a) A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use vitamin pills, the birth weight of
babies will increase. The average weight of the population is 8.2 pounds.
Ho: The average weight of babies is 8.2 pounds.
H1: The average weight of babies is higher than 8.2 pounds.
b) An engineer hypothesizes that the mean number of defects can be decreased in a
manufacturing process of compact disks by using robots instead of humans for certain
tasks. The mean number of defective compact disks per 100 is 18.
Ho: The mean number of defective compact disk per 100 is 18.
H1: The mean number of defective compact disk per 100 is lower than 18.

Null hypothesis, Ho Alternative hypothesis, H1

No difference, no relationship, or There is difference, relationship
no significant effect or significant effect
Hypothesis Testing
 Hypothesis Testing
It is a rule or procedure that leads to a decision to accept or reject the hypothesis when
the experimental sample values are obtained.
 Hypothesis Testing
It is a rule or procedure that leads to a decision to accept or reject the hypothesis when
the experimental sample values are obtained.

Decision Errors
 Hypothesis Testing
It is a rule or procedure that leads to a decision to accept or reject the hypothesis when
the experimental sample values are obtained.

Decision Errors
They are the possible errors that can be done when making a decision about a
proposed hypothesis
 Hypothesis Testing
It is a rule or procedure that leads to a decision to accept or reject the hypothesis when
the experimental sample values are obtained.

Decision Errors
They are the possible errors that can be done when making a decision about a
proposed hypothesis
 Hypothesis Testing
It is a rule or procedure that leads to a decision to accept or reject the hypothesis when
the experimental sample values are obtained.

Decision Errors
They are the possible errors that can be done when making a decision about a
proposed hypothesis

Type I Error, α Type II Error, β

 Hypothesis Testing
It is a rule or procedure that leads to a decision to accept or reject the hypothesis when
the experimental sample values are obtained.

Decision Errors
They are the possible errors that can be done when making a decision about a
proposed hypothesis

Type I Error, α Type II Error, β

When we reject the null When we accept the null
hypothesis when in fact, it is true hypothesis when in fact, it is false
 Decision Ho is true Ho is false
Accept Ho Correct decision Type II error

Reject Ho Type I error Correct decision

Decision Errors
They are the possible errors that can be done when making a decision about a
proposed hypothesis

Type I Error, α Type II Error, β

When we reject the null When we accept the null
hypothesis when in fact, it is true hypothesis when in fact, it is false
 Decision Ho is true Ho is false
Accept Ho Correct decision Type II error

Reject Ho Type I error Correct decision

EXAMPLE
Suppose that an allergist wishes to test the hypothesis that at least 30% of the public is
allergic to some cheese products. Explain how the allergist could commit

a) Type I error

b) Type II error
 Decision Ho is true Ho is false
Accept Ho Correct decision Type II error

Reject Ho Type I error Correct decision

EXAMPLE
Suppose that an allergist wishes to test the hypothesis that at least 30% of the public is
allergic to some cheese products. Explain how the allergist could commit

a) Type I error
The allergist could commit a type I error if he will conclude that fewer than
30% of the public are allergic to some cheese products when in fact, 30% or more are
allergic.

b) Type II error
The allergist could commit type II error if he will conclude that at least 30% of
the public are allergic to some cheese products when in fact, fewer than 30% are
allergic.
 Decision Ho is true Ho is false
Accept Ho Correct decision Type II error

Reject Ho Type I error Correct decision

EXAMPLE
Suppose that an allergist wishes to test the hypothesis that at least 30% of the public is
allergic to some cheese products. Explain how the allergist could commit

a) Type I error
The allergist could commit a type I error if he will conclude that fewer than
30% of the public are allergic to some cheese products when in fact, 30% or more are
allergic.

b) Type II error
The allergist could commit type II error if he will conclude that at least 30% of
the public are allergic to some cheese products when in fact, fewer than 30% are
allergic.
Level of Significance
 Level of Significance
It is the probability of making a Type I or alpha error in a test. It is the maximum
probability of rejecting the Null Hypothesis when in fact it is true.
 Level of Significance
It is the probability of making a Type I or alpha error in a test. It is the maximum
probability of rejecting the Null Hypothesis when in fact it is true.

A 5% significance level implies that we are 95% confident that we made the right decision
 Level of Significance
It is the probability of making a Type I or alpha error in a test. It is the maximum
probability of rejecting the Null Hypothesis when in fact it is true.

A 5% significance level implies that we are 95% confident that we made the right decision

Tailed Tests
 Level of Significance
It is the probability of making a Type I or alpha error in a test. It is the maximum
probability of rejecting the Null Hypothesis when in fact it is true.

A 5% significance level implies that we are 95% confident that we made the right decision

Tailed Tests
It implies the location of the rejection region for the test statistic
 Level of Significance
It is the probability of making a Type I or alpha error in a test. It is the maximum
probability of rejecting the Null Hypothesis when in fact it is true.

A 5% significance level implies that we are 95% confident that we made the right decision

Tailed Tests
It implies the location of the rejection region for the test statistic
 Level of Significance
It is the probability of making a Type I or alpha error in a test. It is the maximum
probability of rejecting the Null Hypothesis when in fact it is true.

A 5% significance level implies that we are 95% confident that we made the right decision

Tailed Tests
It implies the location of the rejection region for the test statistic

One-tailed Two-tailed
 Level of Significance
It is the probability of making a Type I or alpha error in a test. It is the maximum
probability of rejecting the Null Hypothesis when in fact it is true.

A 5% significance level implies that we are 95% confident that we made the right decision

Tailed Tests
It implies the location of the rejection region for the test statistic

One-tailed Two-tailed
When test statistic is located at When test statistic is located on
only one extreme both sides of the parameter
 EXAMPLE
State the null and alternative hypotheses in each situation.

a) A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use vitamin pills, the birth weight of
babies will increase. The average weight of the population is 8.2 pounds.
Ho: The average weight of babies is 8.2 pounds.
H1: The average weight of babies is higher than 8.2 pounds.
b) An engineer hypothesizes that the mean number of defects can be decreased in a
manufacturing process of compact disks by using robots instead of humans for certain
tasks. The mean number of defective compact disks per 100 is 18.
Ho: The mean number of defective compact disk per 100 is 18.
H1: The mean number of defective compact disk per 100 is lower than 18.

Null hypothesis, Ho Alternative hypothesis, H1

No difference, no relationship, or There is difference, relationship
no significant effect or significant effect
 EXAMPLE
State the null and alternative hypotheses in each situation.

a) A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use vitamin pills, the birth weight of
babies will increase. The average weight of the population is 8.2 pounds.
Ho: The average weight of babies is 8.2 pounds.
H1: The average weight of babies is higher than 8.2 pounds.
b) An engineer hypothesizes that the mean number of defects can be decreased in a
manufacturing process of compact disks by using robots instead of humans for certain
tasks. The mean number of defective compact disks per 100 is 18.
Ho: The mean number of defective compact disk per 100 is 18.
H1: The mean number of defective compact disk per 100 is lower than 18.

Null hypothesis, Ho Alternative hypothesis, H1

No difference, no relationship, or There is difference, relationship
no significant effect or significant effect

ONE-TAILED TESTS
 Steps in Hypothesis Testing
1. State the null hypothesis and the alternative
hypothesis
2. Choose a level of significance
3. Choose the appropriate test statistic and establish
the critical region
4. Compute the value of the test statistic
5. Make a decision
- Reject Ho of the test statistic has a value in the
critical region
- Otherwise, Accept Ho
6. Make a conclusion
HYPOTHESIS TESTS (SINGLE MEAN)
HYPOTHESIS TESTS (SINGLE MEAN)
 HYPOTHESIS TESTS (SINGLE MEAN)

About a Population Mean: About a Population Mean:

Large Samples Small Samples
 HYPOTHESIS TESTS (SINGLE MEAN)

About a Population Mean: About a Population Mean:

Large Samples Small Samples

It is the test statistic used It is the test statistic used

for large samples (n≥30) for large samples (n<30)
 HYPOTHESIS TESTS (SINGLE MEAN)

About a Population Mean: About a Population Mean:

Large Samples Small Samples

It is the test statistic used It is the test statistic used

for large samples (n≥30) for large samples (n<30)

𝑿−𝝁 𝑿−𝝁
𝒁= 𝒕=
𝝈/ 𝒏 𝒔/ 𝒏
 EXAMPLE
• The TIV Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone service in
an area. According to the company’s records, the average length of all
long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009 was 12.44
minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if the mean length
of the current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes. A sample
of 150 such calls placed through this company produced a mean length of
13.71 minutes with a standard deviation of 2.65 minutes. Using the 5%
significance level, can you conclude that the mean length of all current
long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes?
 EXAMPLE
• The TIV Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone service in
an area. According to the company’s records, the average length of all
long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009 was 12.44
minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if the mean length
of the current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes. A sample
of 150 such calls placed through this company produced a mean length of
13.71 minutes with a standard deviation of 2.65 minutes. Using the 5%
significance level, can you conclude that the mean length of all current
long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes?
 EXAMPLE
• The TIV Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone service in
an area. According to the company’s records, the average length of all
long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009 was 12.44
minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if the mean length
of the current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes. A sample
of 150 such calls placed through this company produced a mean length of
13.71 minutes with a standard deviation of 2.65 minutes. Using the 5%
significance level, can you conclude that the mean length of all current
long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes?

𝑿−𝝁
𝒁=
𝝈/ 𝒏
 EXAMPLE
• The TIV Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone service in
an area. According to the company’s records, the average length of all
long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009 was 12.44
minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if the mean
length of the current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes.
A sample of 150 such calls placed through this company produced a mean
length of 13.71 minutes with a standard deviation of 2.65 minutes. Using
the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean length of all
current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes?

𝑿−𝝁
𝒁=
𝝈/ 𝒏
 EXAMPLE
• The TIV Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone service in
an area. According to the company’s records, the average length of all
long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009 was 12.44
minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if the mean
length of the current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes.
A sample of 150 such calls placed through this company produced a mean
length of 13.71 minutes with a standard deviation of 2.65 minutes. Using
the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean length of all
current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes?

𝑿−𝝁
𝒁=
𝝈/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 12.44 mins
H1: µ ≠ 12.44 mins
 EXAMPLE
• The TIV Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone service in
an area. According to the company’s records, the average length of all
long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009 was 12.44
minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if the mean
length of the current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes.
A sample of 150 such calls placed through this company produced a mean
length of 13.71 minutes with a standard deviation of 2.65 minutes. Using
the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean length of all
current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes?

𝑿−𝝁
𝒁=
𝝈/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 12.44 mins
H1: µ ≠ 12.44 mins
 EXAMPLE
• The TIV Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone service in
an area. According to the company’s records, the average length of all
long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009 was 12.44
minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if the mean
length of the current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes.
A sample of 150 such calls placed through this company produced a mean
length of 13.71 minutes with a standard deviation of 2.65 minutes. Using
the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean length of all
current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes?

𝑿−𝝁
𝒁=
𝝈/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 12.44 mins
H1: µ ≠ 12.44 mins

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• The TIV Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone service in
an area. According to the company’s records, the average length of all
long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009 was 12.44
minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if the mean
length of the current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes.
A sample of 150 such calls placed through this company produced a mean
length of 13.71 minutes with a standard deviation of 2.65 minutes. Using
the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean length of all
current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes?

𝑿−𝝁
𝒁=
𝝈/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 12.44 mins
H1: µ ≠ 12.44 mins

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• The TIV Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone service in
an area. According to the company’s records, the average length of all
long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009 was 12.44
minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if the mean
length of the current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes.
A sample of 150 such calls placed through this company produced a mean
length of 13.71 minutes with a standard deviation of 2.65 minutes. Using
the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean length of all
current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes?

𝑿−𝝁 Critical region: Z<-1.96 or Z > 1.96

𝒁=
𝝈/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 12.44 mins
H1: µ ≠ 12.44 mins

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• The TIV Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone service in
an area. According to the company’s records, the average length of all
long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009 was 12.44
minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if the mean
length of the current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes.
A sample of 150 such calls placed through this company produced a mean
length of 13.71 minutes with a standard deviation of 2.65 minutes. Using
the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean length of all
current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes?

𝑿−𝝁 Critical region: Z<-1.96 or Z > 1.96

𝒁=
𝝈/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 12.44 mins
H1: µ ≠ 12.44 mins

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• The TIV Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone service in
an area. According to the company’s records, the average length of all
long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009 was 12.44
minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if the mean
length of the current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes.
A sample of 150 such calls placed through this company produced a mean
length of 13.71 minutes with a standard deviation of 2.65 minutes. Using
the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean length of all
current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes?

𝑿−𝝁 Critical region: Z<-1.96 or Z > 1.96

𝒁=
𝝈/ 𝒏 Z = 5.87

HO: µ = 12.44 mins

H1: µ ≠ 12.44 mins

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• The TIV Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone service in
an area. According to the company’s records, the average length of all
long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009 was 12.44
minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if the mean
length of the current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes.
A sample of 150 such calls placed through this company produced a mean
length of 13.71 minutes with a standard deviation of 2.65 minutes. Using
the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean length of all
current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes?

𝑿−𝝁 Critical region: Z<-1.96 or Z > 1.96

𝒁=
𝝈/ 𝒏 Z = 5.87

HO: µ = 12.44 mins Decision: Reject Ho

H1: µ ≠ 12.44 mins

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• The TIV Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone service in
an area. According to the company’s records, the average length of all
long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009 was 12.44
minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if the mean
length of the current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes.
A sample of 150 such calls placed through this company produced a mean
length of 13.71 minutes with a standard deviation of 2.65 minutes. Using
the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean length of all
current long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes?

𝑿−𝝁 Critical region: Z<-1.96 or Z > 1.96

𝒁=
𝝈/ 𝒏 Z = 5.87

HO: µ = 12.44 mins Decision: Reject Ho

H1: µ ≠ 12.44 mins
Conclusion: The mean length of time is different from
α = 0.05 12.44 mins, in fact, it is higher than 12.44 mins
 EXAMPLE
• Grand Auto Corporation produces auto batteries. The company claims that
its top-of –the-line Never Die batteries are good, on average, for at least
65 months. A consumer agency protection tested 15 batteries to check the
claim. It found that the mean life of these 15 batteries to be 63 months
with a standard deviation of 2 months. At the 5% significance level, can
you conclude that the claim of the company is true? Assume that the life
of such a battery has an approximately normal distribution.
 EXAMPLE
• Grand Auto Corporation produces auto batteries. The company claims that
its top-of –the-line Never Die batteries are good, on average, for at least
65 months. A consumer agency protection tested 15 batteries to check
the claim. It found that the mean life of these 15 batteries to be 63
months with a standard deviation of 2 months. At the 5% significance
level, can you conclude that the claim of the company is true? Assume
that the life of such a battery has an approximately normal distribution.
 EXAMPLE
• Grand Auto Corporation produces auto batteries. The company claims that
its top-of –the-line Never Die batteries are good, on average, for at least
65 months. A consumer agency protection tested 15 batteries to check
the claim. It found that the mean life of these 15 batteries to be 63
months with a standard deviation of 2 months. At the 5% significance
level, can you conclude that the claim of the company is true? Assume
that the life of such a battery has an approximately normal distribution.

𝑿−𝝁
𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏
 EXAMPLE
• Grand Auto Corporation produces auto batteries. The company claims
that its top-of –the-line Never Die batteries are good, on average, for at
least 65 months. A consumer agency protection tested 15 batteries to
check the claim. It found that the mean life of these 15 batteries to be 63
months with a standard deviation of 2 months. At the 5% significance
level, can you conclude that the claim of the company is true? Assume
that the life of such a battery has an approximately normal distribution.

𝑿−𝝁
𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏
 EXAMPLE
• Grand Auto Corporation produces auto batteries. The company claims
that its top-of –the-line Never Die batteries are good, on average, for at
least 65 months. A consumer agency protection tested 15 batteries to
check the claim. It found that the mean life of these 15 batteries to be 63
months with a standard deviation of 2 months. At the 5% significance
level, can you conclude that the claim of the company is true? Assume
that the life of such a battery has an approximately normal distribution.

𝑿−𝝁
𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 65 months
H1: µ < 65 months
 EXAMPLE
• Grand Auto Corporation produces auto batteries. The company claims
that its top-of –the-line Never Die batteries are good, on average, for at
least 65 months. A consumer agency protection tested 15 batteries to
check the claim. It found that the mean life of these 15 batteries to be 63
months with a standard deviation of 2 months. At the 5% significance
level, can you conclude that the claim of the company is true? Assume
that the life of such a battery has an approximately normal distribution.

𝑿−𝝁
𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 65 months
H1: µ < 65 months
 EXAMPLE
• Grand Auto Corporation produces auto batteries. The company claims
that its top-of –the-line Never Die batteries are good, on average, for at
least 65 months. A consumer agency protection tested 15 batteries to
check the claim. It found that the mean life of these 15 batteries to be 63
months with a standard deviation of 2 months. At the 5% significance
level, can you conclude that the claim of the company is true? Assume
that the life of such a battery has an approximately normal distribution.

𝑿−𝝁
𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 65 months
H1: µ < 65 months

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• Grand Auto Corporation produces auto batteries. The company claims
that its top-of –the-line Never Die batteries are good, on average, for at
least 65 months. A consumer agency protection tested 15 batteries to
check the claim. It found that the mean life of these 15 batteries to be 63
months with a standard deviation of 2 months. At the 5% significance
level, can you conclude that the claim of the company is true? Assume
that the life of such a battery has an approximately normal distribution.

𝑿−𝝁 Critical region: t < -1.761 with v = 15-1 = 14

𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 65 months
H1: µ < 65 months

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• Grand Auto Corporation produces auto batteries. The company claims
that its top-of –the-line Never Die batteries are good, on average, for at
least 65 months. A consumer agency protection tested 15 batteries to
check the claim. It found that the mean life of these 15 batteries to be 63
months with a standard deviation of 2 months. At the 5% significance
level, can you conclude that the claim of the company is true? Assume
that the life of such a battery has an approximately normal distribution.

𝑿−𝝁 Critical region: t < -1.761 with v = 15-1 = 14

𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 65 months
H1: µ < 65 months

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• Grand Auto Corporation produces auto batteries. The company claims
that its top-of –the-line Never Die batteries are good, on average, for at
least 65 months. A consumer agency protection tested 15 batteries to
check the claim. It found that the mean life of these 15 batteries to be 63
months with a standard deviation of 2 months. At the 5% significance
level, can you conclude that the claim of the company is true? Assume
that the life of such a battery has an approximately normal distribution.

𝑿−𝝁 Critical region: t < -1.761 with v = 15-1 = 14

𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏 t = -3.87
HO: µ = 65 months
H1: µ < 65 months

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• Grand Auto Corporation produces auto batteries. The company claims
that its top-of –the-line Never Die batteries are good, on average, for at
least 65 months. A consumer agency protection tested 15 batteries to
check the claim. It found that the mean life of these 15 batteries to be 63
months with a standard deviation of 2 months. At the 5% significance
level, can you conclude that the claim of the company is true? Assume
that the life of such a battery has an approximately normal distribution.

𝑿−𝝁 Critical region: t < -1.761 with v = 15-1 = 14

𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏 t = -3.87
HO: µ = 65 months
Decision: Reject Ho
H1: µ < 65 months

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• Grand Auto Corporation produces auto batteries. The company claims
that its top-of –the-line Never Die batteries are good, on average, for at
least 65 months. A consumer agency protection tested 15 batteries to
check the claim. It found that the mean life of these 15 batteries to be 63
months with a standard deviation of 2 months. At the 5% significance
level, can you conclude that the claim of the company is true? Assume
that the life of such a battery has an approximately normal distribution.

𝑿−𝝁 Critical region: t < -1.761 with v = 15-1 = 14

𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏 t = -3.87
HO: µ = 65 months
Decision: Reject Ho
H1: µ < 65 months
Conclusion: The claim of the company is invalid
α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A past study claims that teenagers in Manila spend an average of 18 hours
a week on playing DOTA. A researcher wanted to test this claim. She took a
sample of 10 adults and asked them about the time they spend on playing
DOTA. Their responses (in hours) are as follows: 14, 25, 22, 38, 16, 26, 19,
23, 41, 33. Assume that the times spent on playing DOTA by all teenagers
are normally distributed. Using the 5% significance level, can you conclude
the claim of the earlier study is true?
 EXAMPLE
• A past study claims that teenagers in Manila spend an average of 18 hours
a week on playing DOTA. A researcher wanted to test this claim. She took a
sample of 10 adults and asked them about the time they spend on playing
DOTA. Their responses (in hours) are as follows: 14, 25, 22, 38, 16, 26, 19,
23, 41, 33. Assume that the times spent on playing DOTA by all teenagers
are normally distributed. Using the 5% significance level, can you conclude
the claim of the earlier study is true?
 EXAMPLE
• A past study claims that teenagers in Manila spend an average of 18 hours
a week on playing DOTA. A researcher wanted to test this claim. She took a
sample of 10 adults and asked them about the time they spend on playing
DOTA. Their responses (in hours) are as follows: 14, 25, 22, 38, 16, 26, 19,
23, 41, 33. Assume that the times spent on playing DOTA by all teenagers
are normally distributed. Using the 5% significance level, can you conclude
the claim of the earlier study is true?

𝑿−𝝁
𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏
 EXAMPLE
• A past study claims that teenagers in Manila spend an average of 18
hours a week on playing DOTA. A researcher wanted to test this claim.
She took a sample of 10 adults and asked them about the time they spend
on playing DOTA. Their responses (in hours) are as follows: 14, 25, 22, 38,
16, 26, 19, 23, 41, 33. Assume that the times spent on playing DOTA by all
teenagers are normally distributed. Using the 5% significance level, can
you conclude the claim of the earlier study is true?

𝑿−𝝁
𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏
 EXAMPLE
• A past study claims that teenagers in Manila spend an average of 18
hours a week on playing DOTA. A researcher wanted to test this claim.
She took a sample of 10 adults and asked them about the time they spend
on playing DOTA. Their responses (in hours) are as follows: 14, 25, 22, 38,
16, 26, 19, 23, 41, 33. Assume that the times spent on playing DOTA by all
teenagers are normally distributed. Using the 5% significance level, can
you conclude the claim of the earlier study is true?

𝑿−𝝁
𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 18 hours
H1: µ ≠ 18 hours
 EXAMPLE
• A past study claims that teenagers in Manila spend an average of 18
hours a week on playing DOTA. A researcher wanted to test this claim.
She took a sample of 10 adults and asked them about the time they spend
on playing DOTA. Their responses (in hours) are as follows: 14, 25, 22, 38,
16, 26, 19, 23, 41, 33. Assume that the times spent on playing DOTA by all
teenagers are normally distributed. Using the 5% significance level, can
you conclude the claim of the earlier study is true?

𝑿−𝝁
𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 18 hours
H1: µ ≠ 18 hours
 EXAMPLE
• A past study claims that teenagers in Manila spend an average of 18
hours a week on playing DOTA. A researcher wanted to test this claim.
She took a sample of 10 adults and asked them about the time they spend
on playing DOTA. Their responses (in hours) are as follows: 14, 25, 22, 38,
16, 26, 19, 23, 41, 33. Assume that the times spent on playing DOTA by all
teenagers are normally distributed. Using the 5% significance level, can
you conclude the claim of the earlier study is true?

𝑿−𝝁
𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 18 hours
H1: µ ≠ 18 hours

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A past study claims that teenagers in Manila spend an average of 18
hours a week on playing DOTA. A researcher wanted to test this claim.
She took a sample of 10 adults and asked them about the time they spend
on playing DOTA. Their responses (in hours) are as follows: 14, 25, 22, 38,
16, 26, 19, 23, 41, 33. Assume that the times spent on playing DOTA by all
teenagers are normally distributed. Using the 5% significance level, can
you conclude the claim of the earlier study is true?

𝑿−𝝁 Critical region: t < -2.262 or t >2.262 with v = 10-1 = 9

𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏
HO: µ = 18 hours
H1: µ ≠ 18 hours

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A past study claims that teenagers in Manila spend an average of 18
hours a week on playing DOTA. A researcher wanted to test this claim.
She took a sample of 10 adults and asked them about the time they spend
on playing DOTA. Their responses (in hours) are as follows: 14, 25, 22, 38,
16, 26, 19, 23, 41, 33. Assume that the times spent on playing DOTA by all
teenagers are normally distributed. Using the 5% significance level, can
you conclude the claim of the earlier study is true?

𝑿−𝝁 Critical region: t < -2.262 or t >2.262 with v = 10-1 = 9

𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏 𝑿 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟕 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔, s = 9.044 hours, t = 2.69
HO: µ = 18 hours
H1: µ ≠ 18 hours

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A past study claims that teenagers in Manila spend an average of 18
hours a week on playing DOTA. A researcher wanted to test this claim.
She took a sample of 10 adults and asked them about the time they spend
on playing DOTA. Their responses (in hours) are as follows: 14, 25, 22, 38,
16, 26, 19, 23, 41, 33. Assume that the times spent on playing DOTA by all
teenagers are normally distributed. Using the 5% significance level, can
you conclude the claim of the earlier study is true?

𝑿−𝝁 Critical region: t < -2.262 or t >2.262 with v = 10-1 = 9

𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏 𝑿 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟕 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔, s = 9.044 hours, t = 2.69
HO: µ = 18 hours
Decision: Reject Ho
H1: µ ≠ 18 hours

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A past study claims that teenagers in Manila spend an average of 18
hours a week on playing DOTA. A researcher wanted to test this claim.
She took a sample of 10 adults and asked them about the time they spend
on playing DOTA. Their responses (in hours) are as follows: 14, 25, 22, 38,
16, 26, 19, 23, 41, 33. Assume that the times spent on playing DOTA by all
teenagers are normally distributed. Using the 5% significance level, can
you conclude the claim of the earlier study is true?

𝑿−𝝁 Critical region: t < -2.262 or t >2.262 with v = 10-1 = 9

𝒕=
𝒔/ 𝒏 𝑿 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟕 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔, s = 9.044 hours, t = 2.69
HO: µ = 18 hours
Decision: Reject Ho
H1: µ ≠ 18 hours
Conclusion: The claim of the past study is not true.
α = 0.05
HYPOTHESIS TESTS (TWO MEANS)
HYPOTHESIS TESTS (TWO MEANS)
 HYPOTHESIS TESTS (TWO MEANS)

About the difference About the difference

between Two between Two
About the difference Population Means:
Population Means: between Two
Large and Independent Small and Independent
Population Means: Samples: Unequal
Samples Small and Independent Variances
Samples: Equal
Variances
 HYPOTHESIS TESTS (TWO MEANS)

About the difference About the difference

between Two Population
Means: About the difference
Large and Independent between Two Population
Samples Means:
Small and Independent
It is the test statistic
Samples: Equal Variances
used for large samples
(n≥30)
It is the test statistic
used for large samples
(n<30)
σ1 = σ2
between Two Population
Means:
Small and Independent
Samples: Unequal Variances
It is the test statistic
used for large samples
(n<30)
σ1 ≠ σ2
 HYPOTHESIS TESTS (TWO MEANS)

About the difference About the difference

between Two Population between Two Population
Means: About the difference Means:
Large and Independent between Two Population Small and Independent
Samples Means: Samples: Unequal Variances
Small and Independent
It is the test statistic
Samples: Equal Variances It is the test statistic
used for large samples
(n≥30) used for large samples
It is the test statistic (n<30)
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 ) used for large samples σ1 ≠ σ2
𝒁= (n<30)
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
σ1 𝟐σ 𝟐 σ1 = σ2 𝒕=
+ 2
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝒔1𝟐 s2𝟐
𝒕=
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 ) 𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐
(𝒏𝟏 −1)s1𝟐 +(𝒏𝟐 −1)s2𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
+
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
 EXAMPLE
• A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of thread A
exceeds the average tensile strength of thread B by at least 12 kg. To test
this claim, 50 pieces of each type of thread are tested under similar
conditions. Type A thread had an average tensile strength of 86.7 kg with a
SD of 6.28 kg, while type B thread had an average tensile strength of 77.8
kg with a SD of 5.61 kg. Test the manufacturer’s claim using a 0.05 level of
significance.
 EXAMPLE
• A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of thread A
exceeds the average tensile strength of thread B by at least 12 kg. To test
this claim, 50 pieces of each type of thread are tested under similar
conditions. Type A thread had an average tensile strength of 86.7 kg with a
SD of 6.28 kg, while type B thread had an average tensile strength of 77.8
kg with a SD of 5.61 kg. Test the manufacturer’s claim using a 0.05 level of
significance.
 EXAMPLE
• A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of thread A
exceeds the average tensile strength of thread B by at least 12 kg. To test
this claim, 50 pieces of each type of thread are tested under similar
conditions. Type A thread had an average tensile strength of 86.7 kg with a
SD of 6.28 kg, while type B thread had an average tensile strength of 77.8
kg with a SD of 5.61 kg. Test the manufacturer’s claim using a 0.05 level of
significance.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
𝒁=
σ1𝟐 σ2𝟐
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐
 EXAMPLE
• A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of thread A
exceeds the average tensile strength of thread B by at least 12 kg. To test
this claim, 50 pieces of each type of thread are tested under similar
conditions. Type A thread had an average tensile strength of 86.7 kg with a
SD of 6.28 kg, while type B thread had an average tensile strength of 77.8
kg with a SD of 5.61 kg. Test the manufacturer’s claim using a 0.05 level of
significance.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
𝒁=
σ1𝟐 σ2𝟐
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐

HO: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 12 kg
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 12 kg
 EXAMPLE
• A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of thread A
exceeds the average tensile strength of thread B by at least 12 kg. To test
this claim, 50 pieces of each type of thread are tested under similar
conditions. Type A thread had an average tensile strength of 86.7 kg with a
SD of 6.28 kg, while type B thread had an average tensile strength of 77.8
kg with a SD of 5.61 kg. Test the manufacturer’s claim using a 0.05 level of
significance.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
𝒁=
σ1𝟐 σ2𝟐
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐

HO: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 12 kg
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 12 kg
 EXAMPLE
• A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of thread A
exceeds the average tensile strength of thread B by at least 12 kg. To test
this claim, 50 pieces of each type of thread are tested under similar
conditions. Type A thread had an average tensile strength of 86.7 kg with a
SD of 6.28 kg, while type B thread had an average tensile strength of 77.8
kg with a SD of 5.61 kg. Test the manufacturer’s claim using a 0.05 level of
significance.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
𝒁=
σ1𝟐 σ2𝟐
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐

HO: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 12 kg
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 12 kg

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of thread A
exceeds the average tensile strength of thread B by at least 12 kg. To test
this claim, 50 pieces of each type of thread are tested under similar
conditions. Type A thread had an average tensile strength of 86.7 kg with a
SD of 6.28 kg, while type B thread had an average tensile strength of 77.8
kg with a SD of 5.61 kg. Test the manufacturer’s claim using a 0.05 level of
significance.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 ) Critical region: Z< -1.645
𝒁=
σ1𝟐 σ2𝟐
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐

HO: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 12 kg
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 12 kg

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of thread A
exceeds the average tensile strength of thread B by at least 12 kg. To test
this claim, 50 pieces of each type of thread are tested under similar
conditions. Type A thread had an average tensile strength of 86.7 kg with
a SD of 6.28 kg, while type B thread had an average tensile strength of
77.8 kg with a SD of 5.61 kg. Test the manufacturer’s claim using a 0.05
level of significance.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 ) Critical region: Z< -1.645
𝒁=
σ1𝟐 σ2𝟐
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐

HO: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 12 kg
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 12 kg

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of thread A
exceeds the average tensile strength of thread B by at least 12 kg. To test
this claim, 50 pieces of each type of thread are tested under similar
conditions. Type A thread had an average tensile strength of 86.7 kg with
a SD of 6.28 kg, while type B thread had an average tensile strength of
77.8 kg with a SD of 5.61 kg. Test the manufacturer’s claim using a 0.05
level of significance.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 ) Critical region: Z< -1.645
𝒁=
σ1𝟐 σ2𝟐 Z = -2.603
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐

HO: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 12 kg
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 12 kg

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of thread A
exceeds the average tensile strength of thread B by at least 12 kg. To test
this claim, 50 pieces of each type of thread are tested under similar
conditions. Type A thread had an average tensile strength of 86.7 kg with
a SD of 6.28 kg, while type B thread had an average tensile strength of
77.8 kg with a SD of 5.61 kg. Test the manufacturer’s claim using a 0.05
level of significance.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 ) Critical region: Z< -1.645
𝒁=
σ1𝟐 σ2𝟐 Z = -2.603
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐
Decision: Reject Ho
HO: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 12 kg
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 12 kg

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of thread A
exceeds the average tensile strength of thread B by at least 12 kg. To test
this claim, 50 pieces of each type of thread are tested under similar
conditions. Type A thread had an average tensile strength of 86.7 kg with
a SD of 6.28 kg, while type B thread had an average tensile strength of
77.8 kg with a SD of 5.61 kg. Test the manufacturer’s claim using a 0.05
level of significance.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 ) Critical region: Z< -1.645
𝒁=
σ1𝟐 σ2𝟐 Z = -2.603
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐
Decision: Reject Ho
HO: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 12 kg
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 12 kg Conclusion: The manufacturer’s claim is
α = 0.05 invalid. In fact, the average tensile strength
of A exceeds that of B by less than 12 kg.
 EXAMPLE
• A sample of 14 cans of Brand A diet soda gave the mean number of 23
calories per can with a SD of 3 calories. Another sample of 16 cans of
Brand B diet soda gave the mean number of 25 per can with a SD of 4
calories. At the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean
numbers of calories per can are different for these two brands of diet
soda? Assume that the SD for two populations are equal.
 EXAMPLE
• A sample of 14 cans of Brand A diet soda gave the mean number of 23
calories per can with a SD of 3 calories. Another sample of 16 cans of
Brand B diet soda gave the mean number of 25 per can with a SD of 4
calories. At the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean
numbers of calories per can are different for these two brands of diet
soda? Assume that the SD for two populations are equal.
 EXAMPLE
• A sample of 14 cans of Brand A diet soda gave the mean number of 23
calories per can with a SD of 3 calories. Another sample of 16 cans of
Brand B diet soda gave the mean number of 25 per can with a SD of 4
calories. At the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean
numbers of calories per can are different for these two brands of diet
soda? Assume that the SD for two populations are equal.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
𝒕=
(𝒏𝟏 −1)s1𝟐 +(𝒏𝟐 −1)s2𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
+
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
 EXAMPLE
• A sample of 14 cans of Brand A diet soda gave the mean number of 23
calories per can with a SD of 3 calories. Another sample of 16 cans of
Brand B diet soda gave the mean number of 25 per can with a SD of 4
calories. At the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean
numbers of calories per can are different for these two brands of diet
soda? Assume that the SD for two populations are equal.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
𝒕=
(𝒏𝟏 −1)s1𝟐 +(𝒏𝟐 −1)s2𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
+
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
 EXAMPLE
• A sample of 14 cans of Brand A diet soda gave the mean number of 23
calories per can with a SD of 3 calories. Another sample of 16 cans of
Brand B diet soda gave the mean number of 25 per can with a SD of 4
calories. At the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean
numbers of calories per can are different for these two brands of diet
soda? Assume that the SD for two populations are equal.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
𝒕=
(𝒏𝟏 −1)s1𝟐 +(𝒏𝟐 −1)s2𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
+
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

Ho: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 calories
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0 calories
 EXAMPLE
• A sample of 14 cans of Brand A diet soda gave the mean number of 23
calories per can with a SD of 3 calories. Another sample of 16 cans of
Brand B diet soda gave the mean number of 25 per can with a SD of 4
calories. At the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean
numbers of calories per can are different for these two brands of diet
soda? Assume that the SD for two populations are equal.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
𝒕=
(𝒏𝟏 −1)s1𝟐 +(𝒏𝟐 −1)s2𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
+
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

Ho: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 calories
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0 calories
 EXAMPLE
• A sample of 14 cans of Brand A diet soda gave the mean number of 23
calories per can with a SD of 3 calories. Another sample of 16 cans of
Brand B diet soda gave the mean number of 25 per can with a SD of 4
calories. At the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean
numbers of calories per can are different for these two brands of diet
soda? Assume that the SD for two populations are equal.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
𝒕=
(𝒏𝟏 −1)s1𝟐 +(𝒏𝟐 −1)s2𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
+
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

Ho: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 calories
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0 calories

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A sample of 14 cans of Brand A diet soda gave the mean number of 23
calories per can with a SD of 3 calories. Another sample of 16 cans of
Brand B diet soda gave the mean number of 25 per can with a SD of 4
calories. At the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean
numbers of calories per can are different for these two brands of diet
soda? Assume that the SD for two populations are equal.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
𝒕= t<-2.048 and t>2.048 with v = 14+16-2 = 28
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒏𝟏 −1)s1 +(𝒏𝟐 −1)s2 𝟏 𝟏
+
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

Ho: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 calories
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0 calories

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A sample of 14 cans of Brand A diet soda gave the mean number of 23
calories per can with a SD of 3 calories. Another sample of 16 cans of
Brand B diet soda gave the mean number of 25 per can with a SD of 4
calories. At the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean
numbers of calories per can are different for these two brands of diet
soda? Assume that the SD for two populations are equal.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
𝒕= t<-2.048 and t>2.048 with v = 14+16-2 = 28
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒏𝟏 −1)s1 +(𝒏𝟐 −1)s2 𝟏 𝟏
+
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

Ho: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 calories
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0 calories

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A sample of 14 cans of Brand A diet soda gave the mean number of 23
calories per can with a SD of 3 calories. Another sample of 16 cans of
Brand B diet soda gave the mean number of 25 per can with a SD of 4
calories. At the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean
numbers of calories per can are different for these two brands of diet
soda? Assume that the SD for two populations are equal.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
𝒕= t<-2.048 and t>2.048 with v = 14+16-2 = 28
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒏𝟏 −1)s1 +(𝒏𝟐 −1)s2 𝟏 𝟏
+ t = -1.531
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

Ho: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 calories
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0 calories

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A sample of 14 cans of Brand A diet soda gave the mean number of 23
calories per can with a SD of 3 calories. Another sample of 16 cans of
Brand B diet soda gave the mean number of 25 per can with a SD of 4
calories. At the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean
numbers of calories per can are different for these two brands of diet
soda? Assume that the SD for two populations are equal.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
𝒕= t<-2.048 and t>2.048 with v = 14+16-2 = 28
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒏𝟏 −1)s1 +(𝒏𝟐 −1)s2 𝟏 𝟏
+ t = -1.531
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
Decision: Accept Ho
Ho: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 calories
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0 calories

α = 0.05
 EXAMPLE
• A sample of 14 cans of Brand A diet soda gave the mean number of 23
calories per can with a SD of 3 calories. Another sample of 16 cans of
Brand B diet soda gave the mean number of 25 per can with a SD of 4
calories. At the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean
numbers of calories per can are different for these two brands of diet
soda? Assume that the SD for two populations are equal.
𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐 − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
𝒕= t<-2.048 and t>2.048 with v = 14+16-2 = 28
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒏𝟏 −1)s1 +(𝒏𝟐 −1)s2 𝟏 𝟏
+ t = -1.531
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
Decision: Accept Ho
Ho: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 calories
H1: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0 calories Conclusion: There is no significant
difference between the mean calories of
α = 0.05 the two brands of diet soda
Thank You for
Listening! =)