Escuela San Gabriel de Colegio de San Gabriel

Arcangel Foundation Arcangel of Caloocan, Inc.

Phase 10 Pkg 6 Blk 1 Lot 1-6 Bagong Silang Caloocan City

LEARNING PLAN IN UNDERSTANDING HYPOTHESIS TESTING

DURATION: 1 WEEK
I. INTRODUCTION

We make decisions every day. Some of these are important while

others are not. In decision-making, we usually follow certain processes:
weigh alternatives, collect evidence, and make a decision. After a decision
is made, an appropriate interpretation is made. ( Statistics and Probability by: Rene R.
Belecina, Elisa S. Baccay, and Efren B. Mateo).

II. LEARNING COMPETENCY/IES

• Illustrates (a) null hypothesis; (b) alternative
hypothesis; (c) level of significance; (d) rejection
region; and (e) types of errors in hypothesis
testing.
• identifies the parameter to be tested given a real-life problem.
.

III. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
● Understand the idea behind hypothesis testing
● Define and formulate statistical hypothesis
● Distinguish null hypothesis from alternative hypothesis.

IV. LEARNING TOOLS

A. Teacher’s lecture in form of recorded video.
B. Uploaded PowerPoint presentation and handouts in google drive
accessible to the students.
C. Other sources:
● Statistics and Probability by: Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S.
Baccay, and Efren B. Mateo (pp.138-214).

V. PRE-TEST

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

The teacher will conduct a recorded live streaming session and can be
downloaded later. The video content is shown below.
 LESSON I
UNDERSTANDING HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Hypothesis Testing is a decision-making process for evaluating claims about a

population based on the characteristics of a sample purportedly coming from
that population. The decision is whether the characteristics is acceptable or
not.

Hypothesis testing is another area of inferential Statistics.

The Null hypothesis, denoted by is a statement that there is no difference

between a parameter and a specific value, or that there is no difference
between two parameters.

The Alternative hypothesis, denoted by is a statement that there is a

difference between a parameter and a specific value, or that there is a
difference between two parameters.

Two types of Hypothesis

Applying Hypothesis Testing

Example 1: Bottled Fruit Juice Content
The owner of a factory that sells a particular bottled fruit juice claims that
the average capacity of a bottle of their product is 250 ml. Is the claim true?
To test the claim, the members of a consumer group did the following:
1. Get a sample of 100 such bottles.
2. Calculate the capacity of each bottle.
3. Compare the sample mean and the claim.

The observed mean capacity X of the 100 bottles are 243 ml. The sample
standard deviation is. 10 ml. In the example, the owner’s statement (called claim)
is a general statement. The claim is that the capacity of all their bottled products
is 250 ml per bottle. So, the population mean μ is 250 ml. On the other hand, the
consumer group has a sample value which X : 243 ml, clearly a sample mean.
There is a difference of 7 ml. Can the consumer group generalize that the bottled
product is short of the claim? If this can be proven, then the factory owner is
lying. The evidence has to be established. So, the consumer group gets
interested in the population mean. They are interested to know if, in reality, each
bottle contains 250 ml.
 Thus, the two hypotheses would be:
H 0: The bottled drinks contain 250 ml per bottle. (This is the claim)

H 1 : The bottled drinks do not contain 250 ml per bottle

(This is the opposite of the claim.)

. But these statements should be written in symbols. For now, let us drop the unit
measure and simply write:

H 0 : μ = 250 and H 1 : μ ≠ 250

The expression may be interpreted as follows:

1. The sample comes from a population whose mean μ is 250.
2. The sample comes from a population whose mean is equal to the population
mean 250 (the claim).

If μ1 (read as "myu sub one”) is the population where the sample comes
from and μ is the population mean (the claim), then the null hypothesis may also
be written as:

H 0 : μ = μ1 and the alternatives H 1 : μ ≠ μ1

In mathematics, the symbol ≠ at in the alternative hypothesis suggests either a

greater than (>) relation or a less than (<) relation. What is the interpretation of the
symbol ≠ in the example? It means that the consumer group is not interested in getting
a sample mean greater than 250 or a sample mean less than 250. However, this does not
make sense in the given exercise. The consumer group has a purpose, a direction. The
consumer group may want to refute the claim. So, the appropriate alternative hypothesis
is:

H 1 : μ < 250

When the alternative hypothesis utilizes the ≠ symbol, the test is said to be non-
directi0nal.

When the alternative hypothesis utilizes the > or the < symbol, the test is
said to be directional.
 LESSON II
UNDERSTANDING THE DECISION GRID

Hypothesis Testing, we make decisions about the null hypothesis. Of

course, there are risks when we make decisions. When we conduct a
hypothesis test, there are four possible outcomes. The following decision grid
shows these four outcomes. Again, note that the decision is focused on the
null hypothesis.

Hypothesis testing is another area of inferential Statistics.

Four Possible Outcomes in Decision-Making

Decisions about the H 0

Do not reject H 0
Reject
(or accept H 0)

H 0 is true Type I error Correct decision

Reality
H 1 is false Correct decision Type II error

If the null hypothesis is true and accepted, or if it is false and rejected, the
decision is correct. If the null hypothesis is true and rejected, the decision is
incorrect and this is a Type I error. If the null hypothesis is false and accepted,
the decision is incorrect and this is a Type II error.
In an ideal situation, there is no error when we accept the truth and reject
what is false.

LESSON III
UNDERSTANDING ERRORS

Example 1: Maria’s Age

Maria insists that she is 30 years old when, in fact, she is 32 years old.
What error Mary committing?

Solution: Mary is rejecting the truth. She is committing a Type I error.

In problems that involve hypothesis testing, there are words like greater,
efficient, improves, effective, increases, and so on that suggest a right-tailed
direction in the formulation of the alternative hypothesis Words like decrease,
less than, smaller, and the like suggest a left-tailed direction.
Example 2: Stephen’s Hairline
Stephen says that he is not bald. His hairline is just receding. Is he
committing an error? If so, what type of error?

Solution: Yes. A receding hairline indicates balding. This IS a Type I error.

Stephen action may be to find remedial measures to stop falling hair.

Example 3: Monkey-Eating Eagle Hunt.

A man plans to go hunting the Philippine monkey-eating eagle believing
that it '5 a proof of his mettle. What type of error is this?
Solution:
Hunting the Philippine eagle is prohibited by law. Thus, it is not a good
sport. It is a Type II error. Since hunting the Philippine monkey-eating eagle is
against the law, the man may find himself in jail if he goes out of his way hunting
endangered species.
In decisions that we make, we form conclusions and these conclusions
are the bases of our actions. But this is not always the case in Statistics because
we make decisions based on sample information. The best that we can do is to
control the probability with which an error occurs.
The probability of committing a Type I error is denoted by the Greek letter
α (alpha) while the probability of committing a Type II error is denoted by β
(beta).
The following table shows the probability with which decisions occur.

Types of Errors
Error in Correct
Type Probability Type Probability
Decision Decision
Reject a Accept a
I α A 1- α
true H 0 true H 0
Accept a Reject a
II β B 1- β
false H 1 false H 1

We can control the errors by assigning small probability values to each of them.
The most frequently used probability values for α and β are 0.05 and 0.01. The
probability assigned to each depends on its seriousness. The more serious the
errors, the less willing we are to have it occur. So, a smaller probability will be
assigned. The symbols α and β are each probabilities of error, each under
separate conditions, and they cannot be combined. Therefore, there is no single
probability for making an incorrect decision. In like manner, the two correct
decisions are distinct and each has its own probability. As can be seen from
Table 1- α is the probability of a correct decision when the null hypothesis is true,
and l1- β is the probability of a correct decision when the null hypothesis is false.
1- β is called the power of the statistical test since it is the measure of the ability
of a hypothesis test to reject a false null hypothesis which is considered very
important. (McClave & Sincich 2003)

In hypothesis testing, we employ a logical sequence of steps and

procedures, the practical statistical procedures that we employ in hypothesis
testing are called tests of significance.

1. The probability of committing a Type I error is called the significance level of

a test.

2. For any hypothesis test,

p value = probability of committing a Type I error

Usually, the level of significance is an arbitrary choice. In practice, the

level of significance for α is pegged at 0.05 or 0.01.
For example, suppose we want to compare two means. Mathematically,
these two means are different However, are they significantly different?

1. If p ≤ .05 of asserting that there is a difference, when no such difference between the
two means exists, then the difference is said to be significant at the 0.05 or 5%, or less
level.
2. If p ≤ .01, the difference is said to be significant at the 0.01 or 1%, or less, level
3. If p ≤ .001, the difference is said to be highly significant.

Suppose I select α = .05. What am I saying about the Type I error? In this
case, Type I error is somewhat serious. I am willing to state that the probability is
5
(or 1 chance out of 20) that I am wrong in rejecting a null, hypothesis that is
100
true.

EXERCISES:
I. Formulate a null Hypothesis and its alternative hypothesis for each of the
following. Write them in symbols.
1. The average TV viewing of all five-year old children is 4 hours daily.
2. A college librarian claims that 20 story books on the average are borrowed
daily.
3. The mean performance of all grade six levels of a school in the NAT is 35.
4. The inventor of a new kind of light bulb claims that all such bulbs last as long
as 3000 hours.
5. The average age of all the identified stratum of senior citizens in a remote area
is 92 years.

II. Problem Solving

A. State the null and the alternative hypotheses in words and in symbols.
B. State whether the test is directional or non- directional
1. Music and Studies
A teacher wants to know if listening to popular music affects the performance of
pupils. A class of 50 grade 1 pupils was used in the experiment. The mean score
was 83 and the standard deviation is 5. A previous study revealed that μ = 82
and the standard deviation σ = 10.
2. Organic Fertilizers
A farmer believes that using organic fertilizer on his plants will yield greater
income. His average income from the past was 200,000 pesos per year. State
the hypotheses in symbols.
3. The net weight of a packet of a snack brand is 130 g, A sample of 80 packets
yielded a sample mean weight of 112 g with a standard deviation of 15 g.
4. In a graduate college, the average length of registration time during a
semester is 120 minutes with a standard deviation of 25 minutes. With the
introduction of a new registration procedure, a random sample of 50 student’s
system took an average of 80 minutes with a standard deviation of 12 minutes.
5. The average height of grade 8 female students is 158.2 cm. The mean height
of a sample of 100 female students is 160 cm with a standard deviation of 6 cm.
6. A librarian of a school claims that all their grade 8 students read an average of
10 storybooks a month with a standard deviation of 2 books. A random sample of
grade 8 students read an average 12 books a month and a standard deviation of
1 book. The confidence statement is 95%.
7. According to a factory employer, the mean working time of workers in the
factory is 6 hours with a standard deviation of 0.5 hours. A researcher
interviewed 50% of the employees and found out that their mean working time is
8 hours with a standard deviation of 1 hour. The α level is 0.05.
8. A random sample of 200 students get a mean score of 62 with a standard
deviation score of 5 in a knowledge test in mathematics. In the standardization of
the test, µ = 50 with or σ = 10.

III. Read the following statements and identify the errors.

1. Bryan thinks he is a six-footer. His actual height is 156 cm.
2. On a moonlit night, a young man declares that there are two moons.
3. Mark says “I am virtuous” In the next moment, he finds himself in jail.
4. Thousands of years ago, Ptolemy declared that the earth is flat.
5. On a beachfront, a signage reads, “No littering of plastic wrappers, empty
bottles, and cans.” A few yards away, environmentalist are picking up the rubbish
left behind by picnic lovers.