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Statistics and Probability

Quarter 4 – Module 1
Hypothesis Testing
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Hypothesis Testing

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Leo Niño O. Maniwang

Venus A. Boc
Editor: Marlon S. Jala PhD
Management Team: Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Casiana P. Caberte PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Felix C. Galacio Jr. PhD

EPS, Mathematics

Josephine D. Eronico PhD

EPS, LRMDS

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Learning Competencies: Illustrates: (a) null hypothesis; (b) alternative hypothesis, (c)
level of significance; (d) rejection region; and (e) types of
errors in hypothesis testing. (M11/12SP-Iva-1)
Identifies the parameter to be tested given a real-life
problem. (M11/12SP-Iva-3)
Formulates the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses
on a population mean. (M11/12SP-Ivb-1)

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 formulate the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses;
 identify the level of significance and the rejection region;
 classify a decision as to Correct, Type I or Type II error; and
 identify the parameter to be tested given a real-life problem.

Lesson 1: Understanding Hypothesis Testing

What is it…
Hypothesis Testing is a decision-making process for evaluating claims about a
population based on the characteristics of a sample purportedly coming from that
population. The decision is to whether the characteristic is acceptable or not.
Two opposing hypotheses are formulated in such a way that one is a negation
of the other. The null hypothesis (H0) is a statement that there is no difference
between a population parameter (mean or proportion) and a specific value, or between
two parameters. Another, the alternative hypothesis (H1) is a statement that there is
a difference between a parameter and a specific value, or between two parameters.
If one is true, the other must be false. That is why one hypothesis is tested to
show that it cannot happen. If the improbability of occurrence can be established,
then the other hypothesis is likely to occur. It is usually the null hypothesis that is
subjected to the rigor of a statistical test.
The null hypothesis makes use of the equal symbol (=), greater than or equal to
(≥) or less than or equal to (≤) depending on the alternative hypothesis. The alternative
hypothesis commonly makes use of the not equal to symbol (≠) for non-directional
two-tailed test, greater than (>) for right-tailed test and less than (<) for left-tailed test,
depending on the claim.

Alternative Null Hypothesis

Formulating Hypotheses Hypothesis (H1) (H0)
examples: examples:
non-directional two-tailed test µ ≠ 10 µ = 10

left-tailed test(one-tailed) µ < 20 µ ≥ 20

right-tailed test (one-tailed) µ > 15 µ ≤ 15

In hypothesis testing, the common significant levels (α) used are 0.10, 0.05
and 0.01 with the corresponding confidence levels of 90%, 95% and 99% respectively.
The rejection region (also called critical region) refers to the area where the
value of the test statistic lies for which we will reject the null hypothesis. It may be on
the left, or right, or both depending on the alternative hypothesis.
If the alternative hypothesis makes use of “less than” (<) or any other
synonymous words like “decrease”, “smaller”, “below”, etc, it suggests a directional left
tailed test, meaning the rejection region is on the left tail of the normal curve.

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 If the alternative hypothesis makes use of “greater than” (>) or any other
synonymous words like “increase”, “larger”, “above”, etc, it suggests a directional right
tailed test, meaning the rejection region is on the right tail of the normal curve.
If the alternative hypothesis makes use of “not equal to” (≠), it suggests a non-
directional test also called two tailed, meaning the rejection region is on both the left
tail and the right tail of the normal curve.

Examples: Formulate (A) alternative hypothesis (H1) and its (B) null hypothesis (H0), (C)
identify the significance level and (D) identify the rejection region for each of the
following. Write them in symbols.
1. A researcher claims at 95% confidence that the average TV viewing time of all five-
year old children is more than 4 hours daily.
A. H1: The average TV viewing time is more than 4 hours daily. H1: µ > 4
(As stated in the claim.)
B. H0: The average TV viewing time is less than or equal to 4 hours daily.
H0: µ ≤ 4
(It is the opposite of the alternative hypothesis.)
C. significance level at 0.05 (because the confidence level is 95%)
D. right tailed (as evidenced by the H1: µ > 4)

2. A college librarian claims that an average of 20 story books are borrowed daily. At
99% confidence level, test the claim.
A. H1: The average number of story books borrowed daily is not 20. H1: µ ≠ 20
(Since claim has no direction, it simply states 20 story books.)
B. H0: The average number of story books borrowed daily is 20. H0: µ = 20
(It is the opposite of the alternative hypothesis.)
C. significance level at 0.01 (because the confidence level is 99%)
D. two-tailed (as evidenced by the H1: µ ≠ 20)

What’s
Directions: Formulate (A) alternative hypothesis (H1) and its (B) null hypothesis (H0),
(C) identify the significance level and (D) identify the rejection region for each of the
following. Write them in symbols.
1. At 90% confidence, the principal said that the mean performance of all grade 11
learners of the school in the NAT is above 85.
2. The Mayor announced with 0.01 alpha that the average number of recovered
COVID-19 cases is less than 5 people in a day.
3. The average age of all the identified senior citizens in an area is 65 years. Test the
claim at 95% confidence.
4. The health worker claimed at 0.10 significance level that the residents drink more
than 8 glasses of water in a day.

Lesson 2: Type I Error and Type II Error

What is it…
Four Possible Outcomes in Decision Making
Decisions about the null hypothesis
Do not reject H0
Reject H0
(Accept H0)

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 Ho is true. Type I Error (α) Correct Decision
Reality
Ho is false. Correct Decision Type II Error (β)

There are four possible outcomes in Decision Making:

A. If the null hypothesis is true and rejected, it is a Type I Error.
B. If the null hypothesis is true and accepted, it is a correct decision.
C. If the null hypothesis is false and rejected, it is a correct decision.
D. If the null hypothesis is false and accepted, it is a Type II Error.

In an ideal situation, there is no error when we accept the true null hypothesis
and reject the false null hypothesis.
There are risks in making decisions about the hypothesis. The probability of
committing Type I Error is denoted by the Greek letter α (alpha), also known as the
level of significance, and the probability of committing Type II Error is denoted by the
Greek letter β (beta).

Examples: Classify a decision as to Type I or Type II error.

1. A 20-year-old girl insists that she is a teenager.
 Type I Error. The girl is rejecting the truth.
2. The boy who stole the money was judged innocent.
 Type II Error. The falsehood was accepted.

What’s
Directions: Classify a decision as to Correct, Type I or Type II error.
1. May cannot accept her score and she insists that it is 35. When the teacher
rechecked her paper, it was actually 25.
2. The 65-year-old man claimed that he is a senior citizen.
3. The DSWD is giving cash assistance to poor families. The DSWD give the cash to a
rich family pretending to be poor.
4. The health personnel believed that Bryan was COVID-free, so he was sent home.
When the result came, Bryan was actually asymptomatic.

Lesson 3: Population Mean and Population Proportion

What is it…
Parameters are descriptive measures taken from the population. The
parameters to be tested could either be the population mean (µ) as to the average
behavior of the population, or the population proportion (ρ) as to the percentage of
the population that exhibits the behavior.

Examples: Given the real-life problems, (A) identify the parameter to be tested and
state (B) the alternative hypothesis and (C) the null hypothesis.
1. A school claims that the students’ average allowance is 20 pesos per day.
A. population mean (µ)
B. H1: µ ≠ 20
C. H0: µ = 20

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2. 15 out of 20 students love the proposed new school uniform.
A. population proportion (ρ)
B. H1: ρ ≠ 75% (since 15 ÷ 20 is 75%)
C. H0: ρ = 75%

What’s
Directions: Given the real-life problems, (A) identify the parameter to be tested and
state (B) the alternative hypothesis and (C) the null hypothesis.
1. Angel claimed that her average score for the 5 summative tests is 35.
2. The mayor claimed that 98% of the COVID-19 patients have fully recovered.
3. Seven out of 10 middle-class families are against the Social Amelioration Program.
4. A company offers an average starting salary of P10,000 monthly.

Assessment
Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write the
CAPITAL LETTER of your answer in the answer sheet provided.

1. The decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population based on the
characteristics of a sample is called ________________.
A. mean B. hypothesis testing C. proportion D. statistic

2. When the confidence level is at 99%, the significant levels (α) is ____________.
A. 0.01 B. 0.99 C. 0.10 D. 1

3. Which of the following would be an appropriate null hypothesis?

A. The mean of a population is equal to 50.
B. The mean of a sample is equal to 50.
C. The mean of a population is greater than 50.
D. The mean of a population is less than 50.

4. Which of the following would be an appropriate alternative hypothesis?

A. The population proportion is less than 0.45.
B. The sample proportion is less than 0.45.
C. The population proportion is not less than 0.45.
C. The sample proportion is not less than 0.45.

5. A Type II error is committed when the null hypothesis is _____________.

A. rejected when it is true C. rejected when it is false
B. not rejected when it is true D. not rejected when it is false

6. What will result if we conclude that the mean (µ) > 47 when its true value is 52?
A. Type I error B. Type II error C. an error D. a good decision

7. If we reject the null hypothesis when it is false, then we have committed

_____________.
A. a Type II error B. a Type I error C. an error D. a good decision

8. A study claims at 95% confidence that students send an average of 500 messages
daily. The significance level (α) of the test is ________________ while the rejection
region is in the ________________.
A. 95%; left and right (two tailed) C. .5; left and right (two tailed)
B. .05; left and right (two tailed) C. .05; right tailed

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9. Sheila knows for sure that Mike is a liar, but she keeps on believing in him.
Sheila has committed _______________.
A. a Type II error B. a Type I error C. no error D. a good decision

10. John insists that Precious is his girlfriend when Precious does not even know him.
John has committed _______________.
A. a Type II error B. a Type I error C. no error D. a good decision
Answer Sheet
Name:
Grade 11- Score:

Quarter 4 – Module 1

Lesson 1
What’s More
1. A.
B.
C.
D.

2. A.
B.
C.
D.

3. A.
B.
C.
D.

4. A.
B.
C.
D.

Lesson 2
What’s More
1.
2.
3.
4.

Lesson 3
What’s More
1. A.
B.
C.

2. A.
B.
C.

3. A.
B.
C.

4. A.
B.
C.

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 Assessment
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

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 Answer Key

Reference
Belecina, R. et al. 2016. Statistics and Probability. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.