TELECOMMUNICATION

SYSTEM
PACKET SWITCHING
INTRODUCTION

Hafiza Khizra
Idtte-18-21
Semester:7th
Prof. Muhammad Osman
OBJECTIVES:

• packet switching • Datagram packet switching diagram:

• principle of packet switched network • Advantages

• Virtual circuit switch
• Basic operation
• Virtual circuit packet switching diagram:
• Components
• Delays
• Switching Techniques
• Measure Total Time
• Datagram • Virtual circuit vs datagram:
• Header section • packetizing
PACKET SWITCHING

• The routing and transferring of data by means of addressed packets so that a channel is

occupied during the transmission of the packet only, and upon completion of the
transmission the channel is made available for the transfer of other traffic.
PRINCIPLE OF PACKET SWITCHED NETWORK

• Packet switching is a connectionless network switching technique.

• Here, the message is divided and grouped into a number of units called packets that are
individually routed from the source to the destination.
• There is no need to establish a dedicated circuit for communication.
BASIC OPERATION:

Data transmitted in small packets

• Typically 1000 octets
• Longer messages split into series of packets
• Each packet contains a portion of user data plus some control info

Control info
• Routing (addressing) info

Packets are received, stored briefly (buffered) and past on to the next node
• Store and forward
COMPONENTS

It has four components:

• Input port output port
• Routing port
• Switching fabric
SWITCHING TECHNIQUES:

Packet switching may be classified into :

 Datagram: also known as  connectionless packet switching.

 Virtual Circuit switch :  also known as connection-oriented packet switching.
PROTOCOLS:

  connectionless systems are:

 Ethernet, Internet Protocol (IP), and the 
User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Connection-oriented systems include :

X.25, Frame Relay, Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), and the 
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
DATAGRAM:

This classic type of packet switching includes multiple packets, each individually routed.
• This means each packet contains complete routing information but it also means different
paths of transmission and out-of-order delivery are possible, depending on the fluctuating
loads on the network’s nodes (adapters, switches and routers) at the moment. 
HEADER SECTION:

Each packet in connectionless packet switching includes the following information in its header
section:
• Source address
• Destination address
• Total number of packets
• Sequence number (Seq#) for reassembly
• Once the packets reach their destination via various routes, the receiving devices rearrange
them to form the original message.
DATAGRAM PACKET SWITCHING DIAGRAM:
ADVANTAGES:

• Line efficiency :
Single node to node link can be shared by many packets over time
Packets queued and transmitted as fast as possible
• Data rate conversion :
Each station connects to the local node at its own speed
Nodes buffer data if required to equalize rates
• Packets are accepted even when network is busy:
• Delivery may slow down
• Priorities can be used
VIRTUAL CIRCUIT SWITCH:

• In connection-oriented packet switching, also called virtual circuit switching or circuit

switching, data packets are first assembled and then numbered.
They then travel across a predefined route, sequentially. Address information is not needed
in circuit switching, because all packets are sent in sequence.
VIRTUAL SWITCH:
DELAYS IN DATAGRAM:

• Transmission Delay
• Propagation Delay
• Queuing Delay
• Processing Delay
 MEASURE TOTAL TIME IN PACKET SWITCHING:

Tt = Transmission Time
Tp = Propagation Time
N = no. of switches that is used inside the network
Tt = N L/B
Tp = N d/v Total time = Tt + Tp
Total time = N L/B + N d/v
VIRTUAL CIRCUIT VS DATAGRAM:

• Virtual circuits
• Network can provide sequencing and error control
• Packets are forwarded more quickly
• No routing decisions to make
• Less reliable
• Loss of a node looses all circuits through that node
• Datagram
• No call setup phase
• Better if few packets
• More flexible
• Routing can be used to avoid congested parts of the network
PACKETIZING:

• Packetizing is a process of dividing long messages into smaller ones. Definition of

packetizing in term of network layer, upper layer, data link layer.
• Encapsulate the payload (bigger size data into packets) at source (sender computer) via
network layer and decapsulate those packets at the destination (receiver) is called
Packetizing.