Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

Climate Change
Adaptation and Mitigation

Local Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office
Municipality of Naga
Province of Zamboanga Sibugay
What is climate change?
• Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures
and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, such as
through variations in the solar cycle. (UN Climate Action)
• But since the 1800s,

human activities have been the main driver of climate chan
ge
, primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
The Greenhouse Effect
• The presence of atmospheric, or greenhouse gases is not a
bad thing. The Earth needs some greenhouse gases to trap
the right amount of heat to regulate the earths
temperature and keeps it from becoming too cold or too
hot.
• The ocean absorbs much of the solar radiation reaching
Earth. Because of this, the ocean has had, and will continue
to have, a significant influence on climate change by
absorbing, storing, and moving heat, carbon and water.
The Greenhouse Effect
What are the biggest contributor of
Greenhouse Gases
• The largest source of
greenhouse gas emissions
from human activities in
the United States is from
burning fossil fuels for
electricity, heat, and
transportation.
The primary sources of greenhouse
gas emissions:
• Transportation
• Electricity Production
• Industry
• Commercial and Residential
• Agriculture
• Land Use and Forestry
Transportation
• (27% of 2020 greenhouse gas emissions)
– The transportation sector generates the
largest share of greenhouse gas
emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions
from transportation primarily come from
burning fossil fuel for our cars, trucks,
ships, trains, and planes. Over 90% of the
fuel used for transportation is petroleum
based, which includes primarily gasoline
and diesel.2
Electricity Production
• (25% of 2020 greenhouse gas
emissions) – Electricity production
generates the second largest share of
greenhouse gas emissions.
Approximately 60% of our electricity
comes from burning fossil fuels,
mostly coal and natural gas.3
Industry
• 24% of 2020 greenhouse gas
emissions) – Greenhouse gas
emissions from industry primarily
come from burning fossil fuels for
energy, as well as greenhouse gas
emissions from certain chemical
reactions necessary to produce goods
from raw materials.
Commercial and Residential
emissions) – Greenhouse gas emissions
from businesses and homes arise
primarily from fossil fuels burned for
heat, the use of certain products that
contain greenhouse gases, and the
handling of waste.
Agriculture
emissions) – Greenhouse gas
emissions from agriculture come
from livestock such as cows,
agricultural soils, and rice
production.
Land Use and Forestry
13% of 2020 greenhouse gas
emissions) – Land areas can act as a
sink (absorbing CO2 from the
atmosphere) or a source of
greenhouse gas emissions. In the
United States, since 1990, managed
forests and other lands are a net sink,
i.e., they have absorbed more
CO2 from the atmosphere than they
emit.
Impact (Effects) of Climate Change
Major rainfall changes in patterns and distributions
A 2011 PAGASA report suggests a decrease in rainfall by 2020 in most
parts of the country except Luzon. As far as extreme rainfall is
concerned, however, the number of days with heavy rainfall (e.g.,
greater than 200 mm) is expected to increase with global warming by
the year 2020 and 2050.
in the Philippines
Threats to natural ecosystems

Approximately 1 million hectares of grasslands in the Philippines are
highly vulnerable to climate change in the future. Most grasslands in
the uplands are prone to fires particularly during extended periods of
dryness and lack of rainfall during summer
in the Philippines
Coral Loss
The 2016 Low Carbon Monitor Report foresees that
98 percent of coral reefs in Southeast Asia will die by
2050, practically an extinction by the end of the
century if current global warming trends will
continue. The IPCC projects that by years 2051 to
2060, the maximum fish catch potential of Philippine
seas will decrease by as much as 50% compared to
2001-2010 levels.
in the Philippines
Declining rice yields
An analysis of temperature trends and
irrigated field experiments at the
International Rice Research Institute shows
that grain yield decreased by at least 10%
for each 1°C increase in growing-season
minimum temperature in the dry season.
in the Philippines
More intense droughts
Global warming exacerbates the effects of El Niño
the most recent of which was experienced in the
country from 2015 to 2016. The Department of
Agriculture estimated that 413,456 farmers have
been directly affected by El Niño-associated
drought and dry spells during the last El Niño
period..
in the Philippines
Higher sea level rise
Observed sea level rise is remarkably highest
at 60 centimeters in the Philippines, about
three times that of the global average of 19
centimeters. This puts at risk 60% of LGUs
covering 64 coastal provinces, 822 coastal
municipalities, 25 major coastal cities, and
an estimated 13.6 million Filipinos that
would need relocation.
in the Philippines
Water scarcity
Climate change, rapid urbanization, and
population growth drives water scarcity
worldwide. A study conducted by the World
Resources Institute predicts that Philippines
will experience a 'high' degree of water
shortage by the year 2040. The country
ranked 57th likely most water stressed
country in 2040 out of 167 countries
in the Philippines
Labor productivity declined
According to a 2016 United Nations study,
climate change-induced heat in the
workplace is projected to render 1% loss in
working hours by 2025, 2% by 2050, and
4% by 2085.
in the Philippines
Labor productivity declined
According to a 2016 United Nations study,
climate change-induced heat in the
workplace is projected to render 1% loss in
working hours by 2025, 2% by 2050, and
4% by 2085.
in the Philippines
More public health emergencies
Higher temperatures also trigger the surge
of diseases such as dengue, malaria,
cholera, and typhoid. In 1998, when the
Philippines experienced the strongest El
Nino phenomenon to-date, almost 40,000
dengue cases, 1,200 cholera cases, and
nearly 1,000 typhoid fever cases, were
recorded nationwide.
in the Philippines
More women endangered and killed
A paper released by the World Health
Organization (WHO) examining gender,
climate change, and health, stated that the
impacts of natural hazards such as droughts,
floods and storms affect more women than
men, and tend to affect women at a younger
age. Climate-sensitive and gender-specific
health impacts affect women
disproportionately than men.
What is adaptation?
Adaptation
1. Reacting or changing to fit the new circumstance
2. Coping with impacts that cannot be avoided
Climate Change Adaptation
• Adaptation refers to changes in biological, social, and
economic systems as a result of real or anticipated climatic
stimuli, as well as their ramifications or impacts.
• It refers to modifications in procedures, methods, and
structures to mitigate possible harm or take advantage of
climate-change opportunities. In basic terms, countries and
communities must develop adaptation solutions and take
action to address current and future impacts of climate
change.
Structural and physical adaptation options
wide variety of adaptation option, example for FLOODING!
• Installing protective and/ or resilient technologies and materials in

properties that are prone to flooding.
• Requiring waterfront properties to have higher foundation..
• Raising pumps at wastewater treatment plants
• Installing devices to prevent seawater from backflowing into storm
drains
• Flooding could be prevented by using and protecting mangroves
Water: Water availability, floods and droughts
Number of people exposed to water stress
• Ecosystems: Species number and risk of
extinction.
Coastal wetlands, area
Coral bleaching
Species range shifts and wildfire risk
Food: Productivity of cereals
Local impacts on small holders
Coasts: Number of people exposed to flooding each year
Damage from floods and storms
Average rate of sea level rise
Health: Changed distribution of some disease vectors
Number of people exposed to malnutrition, diarrhoeal, cardio-respiratory,
and other infectious diseases
Morbidity and mortality from heat waves, floods, and droughts
Burden on health services (expenditures)
What is Mitigation
Mitigation
1. To prevent the worsening of destruction

2. To decrease force or intensity. To lower risk.
Climate Change Mitigation
• Mitigating climate change entails lowering greenhouse gas emissions
that contribute to global warming.
• Retrofitting buildings to make them more energy efficient; adopting
renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and small hydro;
assisting cities in developing more sustainable modes of
transportation such as bus rapid transit, electric vehicles, and
biofuels; and promoting more sustainable land and forest uses are all
examples of mitigation strategies.
Lowering GH Gas!
The mitigation puzzle piece is simple to
understand but difficult to implement. We
must make the shift from utilizing fossil
fuels to using clean, renewable energy.
We must halt deforestation and restore
natural habitats until we achieve net-zero
carbon emissions, which means that the
release of greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere is balanced by their capture
and storage in places like tree roots
LET’S GO GREEN!
Basically!
Adaptation (structural/system)
1. Reacting or changing to fit the new circumstance
2. Coping with impacts that cannot be avoided
Mitigation (reducing the release of GH gases)

3. To prevent the worsening of destruction
4. To decrease force or intensity. To lower risk.
Question!
As a youth and part of an organization, how

can you help in adapting and mitigating
Climate Change in your Community?
Question!
Can we avoid Climate Change?

Question!
What are your steps and action on

Lessening the effects and impact of
Climate Changes?
GROUP ACTIVITY!
• In manila paper, list down what are the
ADAPTATIONS and MITIGATIONS that you
can implement in your community. and share
it to the group!

Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

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Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

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Climate Change

Adaptation and Mitigation

• But since the 1800s,

Threats to natural ecosystems

• Installing protective and/ or resilient technologies and materials in

1. To prevent the worsening of destruction

Mitigation (reducing the release of GH gases)

As a youth and part of an organization, how

Can we avoid Climate Change?

What are your steps and action on

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