FOUNDATION OF

INCLUSIVE AND
SPECIAL EDUCATION
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 Bases and Policies of
Special and Inclusive
Edcuation
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 PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES

• Piaget’s Cognitive Development – suggests that

children move through four different stages of
learning. His theory focuses not only on
understanding how children acquire knowledge, but
also on understanding the nature of intelligence.
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 PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES

STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

• Sensorimotor Stage – birth to 2 years. Infants and
toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory
experiences and manipulating objects.
 Object Permanence
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 PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES

STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

• Preoperational Stage – 2 to 7 years. Kids learn
through pretend play but still struggle with logic
and taking the point of view of other people.
 Centration, animism, egocentrism, irreversibility,
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transductive reasoning.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES

STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

• Concrete Operational Stage – 7-11 years.
Children are still concrete and literal in their
thinking but much more adept at using logic.
 Seriation, classification, decentering, elimination of
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egocentrism.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES

STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

• Formal Operational Stage – age 12 and up. Final
stage. Ability to thinking about abstract ideas and
situations.
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 PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES

• Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory –

emphasizes the importance of observing,
modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes,
emotional reactions of others.
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 PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES

• Observational Learning – children observe the

people around them behaving in various ways. This
is illustrated during the famous Bobo doll
experiment (Bandura, 1961).
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 Model
 PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES

• Mediational Processes – Occurs between

observing the behavior and imitating or not.
Individuals do not automatically observe the
behavior and imitate it.
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 PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES

MEDIATIONAL PROCESSES PROPOSED BY

BANDURA
• Attention – for a behavior to be imitated, it has to
grab our attention.
• Retention – how well the behavior is remembered.
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 PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES

MEDIATIONAL PROCESSES PROPOSED BY

BANDURA
• Reproduction – the ability to perform the behavior
that the model has just demonstrated.
• Motivation – the will to perform the behavior.
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 PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES

• Lev Vygotsky’s Scaffolding – scaffolding consists

of the activities provided by the educator, or more
competent peer, to support the student as he or she
is led through the zone of proximal development.
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 PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES

• Zone of Proximal Development – refers to the

difference between what a learner can do without
help and what he or she can achieve with guidance
and encouragement from a skilled partner.
• MKO (more knowledgeable other)
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 PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES

• Jean Lave’s Situated Learning – situated

learning essentially is a matter of creating
meaning from the real activities of daily living.
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 PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES

EXAMPLES OF SITUATED LEARNING

ACTIVITIES
• Field trips
• Cooperative education and intenship
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• Music and sport (physical education)

• Laboratories and child-care centers
 PHILOSOPHICAL BASES

EQUALITY
• Means that all people should have equal right and
equal opportunities.
INCLUSIVITY
• Means making everyone feel welcome and valued.
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 References

• Piaget’s Cognitive Development https://

www.verywellmind.com/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development-2795457

• Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory https://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html

• Lev Vygotsky’s Scaffolding

https://www.simplypsychology.org/Zone-of-Proximal-Development.html#:~:text=Scaffolding%20consists%20of%
20the%20activities,the%20zone%20of%20proximal%20development
.

• Jean Lave’s Situated Learning https://

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www.niu.edu/citl/resources/guides/instructional-guide/situated-learning.shtml

• Equality and Inclusivity https://

www.pdn.cam.ac.uk/intranet/equality-diversity-and-inclusion/what-equality-diversity-and-inclusivity