Audio Watermarking

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INTRODUCTION
 Digital Data can be shared by multiple users, distributed over network, and managed for long period time without any damage. 

In contrast to these, the copyright protection problem arises, since unauthorized copying and distribution of digital data are simplified, too.

 As a result, a technique called digital watermarking is introduced to protect the ownership of these contents.

AUDIO WATERMARKING

What we can define

Digital Audio Watermarking is a technology to hide information in an audio file without the information being audible to the listener, and without affecting in any way the audio quality of the original file. AIMS AT Copy control of digital music Ownership identification Enforcement of usage policy Fingerprinting

AUDIO WATERMARKING CHARACTERISTICS

 Transparency: watermark is not detectable  Robustness: survives digital processing compression) and malicious analytical attacks.

(e.g.,

 Efficiency: low cost implementation using minimal resources  Independence: of both the type and format of multimedia data (e.g., music, speech, video, sample rates, coding scheme, ...)

CLASSIFICATION OF AUDIO WATERMARKING

Temporal watermarking

Temporal watermarking hides watermarks directly into digital audio signals in the time domain.
Spectral water-marking

The spectral audio watermarking applies certain frequency transform, such as FFT, DCT, and DWT, etc, to the data block of the audio signal, and hides the watermark information Into the transformed data block.

AUDIO WATERMARKING SCHEMES

 DC level shifting  QMF bank band division  Frequency masking  Spread spectrum

DC LEVEL SHIFTING
 Here watermark is embedded by shifting the DC level of the audio signal.  An input signal is divided into frames of fixed length.  DC level of each frame =Mean of a frame-value in the frame  After that a binary watermark sequence generated randomly is introduced to the shifted signal. This is achieved by introducing a DC offset level to each frame in the signal according to the watermark bits.  If the watermark bit is 0, the signal is shifted downward.  If the watermark bit is 1, the signal is shifted upward.
Cont..

DC LEVEL SHIFTING
level0=-DCBiasMultiplier x FramePower level1=+DCBiasMultiplier x FramePower where
level0 ->DC level introduced when a watermark bit is 0 level1 -> the DC level introduced when a watermark bit is 1.

 To extract a watermark, a watermarked signal is first divided into frames. Then, the mean of each frame is calculated. If the mean of a frame is positive, the corresponding watermark bit is 1. Else, the watermark bit is 0.  The original signal and watermark is not needed in the extraction process. Therefore, DC level shifting is a blind watermarking scheme

Band Division Based on Quadrature Mirror Filter (QMF) Bank

Cont..

Cont..

WATERMARKED SIGNAL EXTRACTION USING QMF



Watermarked signal is filtered by the analysis filter bank and the low frequency watermarked band is extracted out. The modified MDCT coefficients are calculated out and watermark can be determined by rounding the coefficients and observe whether coefficients are even or odd.
Watermark is 1 when coefficients are odd. Watermark is 0 when coefficients are even.

This technique has a

 

High signal to noise ratio The rate of detection or bit error rate is very high

FREQUENCY MASKING
another louder sound (original sound), so the faint sound becomes inaudible and it acts as a watermark for the original sound.  Watermark is generated firstly by creating a pseudo-noise sequence (PN sequence) from a shift register. The shift register consists of m flip-flops with a maximum period of (2m) 1.  PN sequence is filtered along with the filter that approximates the frequency characteristics of the human auditory system (HAS). Consequently, it is put through to the time domain for temporal masking.
Cont..

 Watermarking involves hiding a faint but audible sound under

The frequency masking algorithm is robust to coding, multiple watermarking, and resampling. Different watermark can be embedded by this algorithm into the same signal and is easy to detect by the owner. The detection scheme for this algorithm needs the original input signal, which is not flexible From the extraction scheme, frequency masking is a private watermarking.

SPREAD SPECTRUM

Where
wi is element of watermark y is the watermarked signal

A correlation detector is carried out to detect the presence of the watermark and is described by Eqn

where N is vector cardinality

Cont..

SPREAD SPECTRUM
While x can be modelled as Gaussian random vector, the normalised correlation test is described as Eqn
C 1 Q! ! p  N 0, W x / N N( ^2 (

If p = 1, watermark is present If p=0, watermark is not present

ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS TECHNIQUES

DC level shifting algorithm
The robustness level for the DC level shifting is poor, the watermark can be easily removed by altering the DC levels of the signal and the watermark is destroyed.

Frequency Masking is This method

not robust to filtering because watermark is embedded to all frequency bands. Attack by high pass filter MPEG can erase the watermark.

Band Division Spread Spectrum & division methodBased On QMFspectrum method are Both the band and the spread capable of defending against the MP3 compression, but the spread spectrum has a better detection rate than the band division method.

Cont..

The implementation steps for spread spectrum are more complicated. This makes it hard to hack and breakdown the algorithm.

Band Division Based On QMF

Band division technology performs extraction scheme with no original signal require attacks are still not upgraded to hack down this audio watermarking technology.

CONCLUSION


Watermark can be embedded in an audio signal without being recognized by hearing and the perceptibility requirement is fulfilled . Extraction can be done without the presence of the original signal and the watermark itself, so can be classified as blind or public watermarking.

Thank You !!!

QUESTIONS??