Philosophy of the human

Person
(a review)

Prepared by:

Charess Dela Cruz Rustia

Teacher I
 MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY
• The word philosophy is derived from the Greek words
philia (love) and sophia (wisdom) and means “the love of
wisdom.”

• Pythagoras was said to have been the first man to call

himself a philosopher; in fact, the world is indebted to him for
the word philosopher. It is said that when Leon, the tyrant of
Philius, asked him of who he was, he said, “a Philosopher” and
he likened the Philosopher to spectators at ancient games.
 BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
LOGIC METAPHYSICS EPISTEMOLOGY VALUE THEORY

Systematic study of Study or theory of Studies the Studies values. It can

the rules for the reality. Metaphysics sources, nature, and be subdivided into
correct use of these attempts to offer a validity of ethics (conduct of
supporting reasons, comprehensive view knowledge. individuals),
rules we can use to of all that exists. aesthetics (theory of
distinguish good art and beauty), and
arguments from bad social and political
ones. philosophy.
 PHILOSOPHIES ON ETHICS BY GREEKS
Greek View on Ethics
Philosophers (Source of Moral Value)
Socrates Virtue has an essential nature, an essence that may be disclosed through rational
inquiry. He is concerned with the meaning of words that signify moral virtues, words
like justice, piety and courage.
Plato Forms (goodness) can be apprehended only by reason, we should govern ourselves
by reason or we must strive to obtain knowledge and understanding of it.
Aristotle Happiness is our highest good. The attainment of happiness, for it is that alone that
we seek for its own sake
Alasdair He presented that for a virtue to really become a virtue, it is important to practice it in
Macintyre a small
(1929-present) community. The central virtue of this acknowledged dependence is what MacIntyre
calls “Just Generosity” which is a combination of Justice and Generosity.
 PHILOSOPHIES ON ETHICS
Theory of Ethics
 PHILOSOPHIES OF KNOWLEDGE

“All men by nature desire to know.”

– Aristotle
 PHILOSOPHIES OF KNOWLEDGE
Plato’s Divided Line
 PHILOSOPHIES OF KNOWLEDGE
Empiricism • Sense experience are the best way to know something

Idealism • Consciousness and reason are basis of reality

Rationalism • Rational mind is the best way to know knowledge

Realism • Direct Common sense. What is real.

Difference between
Rationalism and
Empiricism
FACT OR OPINION
 PHILOSOPHIES OF THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN
EMBODIED SPIRIT

Man as
More than
his Body

TRANCENDENCE
Man as
Greater than
all other
Animals
 PHILOSOPHIES OF THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN
EMBODIED SPIRIT

The Body As Intermediary

The Body As Intersubjectivity
Because of my body,
an encounter and The Value of The Body
I show myself to the
agreement occur other and
between myself and As the appearance and
the other also shows subjectivity , my body
the himself to me through
world. has a unique value and
my body. dignity.
 PHILOSOPHIES OF THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN
EMBODIED SPIRIT

There is no difference between the body

and
• soul.
St. Thomas All extended beings (meaning,
• He was regardedAristotle
of • Rational
Aquinas bodilySoul – Ranks
beings) the highest
including man’s for it
takesbody,
responsibility
are the to
subject functions
change ofand
Christianizing the philosophy vegetative and sensitive souls. It is capable
of Aristotle. hence, uncertain.
There is a dichotomy or of thinking, reasoning, willing, reflecting,
• He introduced a methodic doubt
• The universal element and deciding apart from sensing and
difference between
common in all living beings is
(skepticism)
growing ( in which he subject
ideogenesis).
Rene every extended
• Sensitive beingitself,
Soul – It feeds into itdoubt
grows, it
the body and soul.
the soul. The body and the Descartes and claimed
reproduces,
Plato
and it that whatever is that
has feelings
soul are distinctive parts of which will
• Vegetative Soulpass the testofshall
– Capable be
feeding,
the same entity. heldand
growing as certain and real.
reproducing itself.
 PHILOSOPHIES OF THE HUMAN
PERSON’S RESPONSIBILITY

• Thinking that • Thinking that • act of preservation that • What is most

starts from myself, describes itself as a
moves from the I being – the going out of important is not
goes out to the to the other being from the “self” to the self/ego but
other, and returns without returning the “other” but return to the neighboring/
to myself. to the I. the “self” again. other.
The
“The Law of The Autonomy
“The law of I” Heteronomy of
the Other” of the Self
the Other
 PHILOSOPHIES OF THE HUMAN
PERSON IN THEIR
ENVIRONMENT

COSMOCENTRISM

“The universe or the cosmos is a living reality

brought into being by a creator God or an
ultimate reality that is sacred.”
 PHILOSOPHIES OF THE HUMAN
PERSON IN THEIR  ENVIRONMENT
-ORIENTAL (AND WESTERN) VIEWS ON MAN AND NATURE
 
Tao Te Ching

Wu wei
• Important concept of Taoists which is a cultivation of a mental state in which our
actions are quiet effortlessly in alignment with the flow of life.

Pantheism
• A doctrine that equates God with the forces and laws of the universe
 PHILOSOPHIES OF THE HUMAN PERSON IN
THEIR ENVIRONMENT (PAYNE’S VIEW)

Based on the
In contrast, living Anthropocentric model,
environment is more humans are superior
superior than human
Anthropocentric and central
Ecocentric to the
beings. universe, thus it is human
centered.
PHILOSOPHIES OF THE HUMAN PERSON
IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT: ECOCENTRIC
Arne Naess’ Deep Ecology:
asserting that all life forms have an equal right to exist, and
human needs and desires have no priority over those of other
organisms.
Murray Bookchin’s Social Ecology:
Conceptualized as a critique of current social, political, and
antiecological trends, it espouses a reconstructive, ecological,
communitarian, and ethical approach to society.
Francoise d’Eaubonne’s Ecofeminism:
Comes from the idea that women and nature have significant connection,
since women most often have a close association with nature in many
societies due to the nature of their traditional roles.
 PHILOSOPHIES OF THE HUMAN
PERSON IN THEIR
ENVIRONMENT
Anaximander sketch of the genesis of the world (cosmology), the evolution of the
world begins with the generation of opposites in a certain region Nature.

Pythagoras stated thatSocrates

‘universe is a living embodiment
recommend prudence of nature’s
(carefulorder, harmony and
beauty.’ He sees our relationship with the universe involving biophilia (love of other living
things) And cosmophiliajudgement)
(loveisofwill
There to so
other that
living
power a person
beings).
where may
there is life andbe
even
able to anticipate
the strongest andwill
living things avoid possible
risk their lives for
more power.events
negative This suggests
and that the will to power
consequences in is
Immanuel Kant believes that the orderliness
stronger than theofwill
nature and the harmony of nature with
to survive.
the-Nietzche
our faculties guide us toward a deeper religiousfuture.
perspective.

Herbert Marcuse said about the power of humans over nature

George Herbert Mead tackled about our duties and responsibilities in nature.
 PHILOSOPHIES OF THE HUMAN
PERSON IN THEIR
ENVIRONMENT
ABLE DEVELOPMENT
 PHILOSOPHY ON THE FREEDOM OF THE
HUMAN PERSON

“All Actions have

Consequences”
 PHILOSOPHY ON THE FREEDOM
OF THE HUMAN PERSON
Aristotle believes that every individual has freedom to exercise
his/her own will.

St. Thomas Aquinas considers the human being as a moral agent who are both the
spiritual and body elements which help us to understand our complexity where our
Jean-Paul
spiritualSatre wrote
separate a play
us from Thomas
referring
animal Hobbes
and through wrote
this we have aaconscience
book onwhether we
to private discussion
choose tobehind
freedom doors
“Good” or entitles
“Evil LEVIATHAN
become (which
our responsibility.
Principle of Double Effect
(Hotel) is also a DOTA hero)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau explains that man is born free, but everywhere he is in
One act can embrace two
chain which is the society. Society places all sorts of rules on them that limit their
effects
freedom. – an intended good
effect and an unintended bad
John Locke is an empiricism who defended the claimeffect
that men are by nature free and
equal against claims that God had made all people naturally subject to monarch. He
proposed Tabula Rasa (Blank Slate).
 PHILOSOPHY ON INTERSUBJECTIVITY

Martin Buber’s I and Thou

What this means is that our experience of the world has two aspects: the
aspect of experience, which is perceived by I-It, and the aspect of relation,
which is perceived by I-Thou.

Every sentence man uses with I, refers to the two pairs: I-Thou and I-It.

The individual’s action is guided by I-Thou. "One who truly meets the world
goes out also to God."
PHILOSOPHY ON THE HUMAN PERSON IN
SOCIETY
 PHILOSOPHY ON THE HUMAN PERSON IN
SOCIETY
Forms Of Societies
Agricultural

• it focuses on the production of crops and raising of animals

Industrial

• it introduce fuel driven machinery in goods production.

Virtual

• technology is used in every aspect of life and work.

Forms PHILOSOPHY ON THE HUMAN PERSON IN
Individualities SOCIETY
of Societies
Lower Class Proletariat- masses and workers
like peasants
• experiences poverty, homelessness and unemployment

Working Class Bourgeoise- “those who have”

• constitute blue collared workers Like Capitalists, elite and land
owners
Middle Class

• consist of white collared workers

Upper Class

• consist of individual born into aristocratic families

 PHILOSOPHY ON THE HUMAN
PERSON IN SOCIETY

Social System that affects human

relations:
• Religion
• Political Affiliation
• Culture
 PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSONS AS ORIENTED
TOWARDS THEIR IMPENDING DEATH

What is the meaning of life?

“DEATH is what gives LIFE

meaning.”
 PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSONS AS ORIENTED
TOWARDS THEIR IMPENDING DEATH

What is the meaning of life?

“Judging whether life is or is not

worth living amounts
to answering the fundamental
question of philosophy.”
--Albert Camus
 PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSONS AS ORIENTED
TOWARDS THEIR IMPENDING DEATH

What is the meaning of life?

“The unexamined life is

not worth living.”

-Socrates
 PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSON AS ORIENTED
TOWARDS THEIR IMPENDING DEATH
What is the meaning of life?
• A belief that all values are baseless andthat nothing can be known or
Nihilism communicated.
• Nihilists argue that life is meaningless and absurd.

• Our being as subjective individuals (our existence) is more important than we

Existentialism have in common objectively with all other human beings (our essence)

Atheistic Existentialism • Examining life in a world where God does not exist or play a role

• Born into unknown world with no preset template. Have to define

Existence Precedes Essence ourselves through our choices
• “We are what we make of ourselves. We are responsible for the
Personal Responsibility choices we make.”
• This refers to the choices we make throughout our lives which is
The Human Condition supposed to give meaning
 PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSONS AS ORIENTED
TOWARDS THEIR IMPENDING DEATH
What is the meaning of life?
• A belief that all values are baseless andthat nothing can be known or
Nihilism communicated.
Contrary
• Nihilists “We can regard our life as a
tolife
argue that Plato’s idea of and
is meaningless forms, Objects that do
absurd.
not haveuselessly
a consciousness--
• Our being as subjective disturbingtables, episode in
individuals (our existence) is more important than we
Existentialism have in commonSartre
chairs, etc., are said
objectivelynot“God
aware
with all other is
people of dead”
create
their
human beingsthemselves
own existence.
(our essence)
the
“Man blissful
is nothing repose
else butofday
what he the
Simone each
Friedrich
de
moment Beauvoir of
Nietzsche
every
who
wrote with
argued
“The
that
Atheistic Existentialism • Examining nothingness...
Their makes
essence
life of
is himself.
determined
in a world where God
decisions and Human
Such
before
choices is
theirexistence
the
does not exist
they first
existence.
or play
make. a role
We Second
are the as
its Sex”
Nietzsche,
opposite
corrosive
principle
must
of
of
be awith
ato
kind promote
effectsfamously
cookie cutter.
would
existentialism.”
of error.” said
Cookie
• Borncutter idea
into unknown existed
worldbefore noitpreset
was created.
template.Essence
Have to define
Existence Precedes Essence women’s
ourselves
beforethroughexistence.
eventually destroy
“Existential Angst”
our choices
existence.
all moral, religious,
--Jean and
Paul Sartre
• “We are what--Arthur Schopenhauer
we make of ourselves. We are responsible for the
Personal Responsibility metaphysical
Ourweexistence
choices convictions
make.” comes before our essence. and
We are not
made with precipitate the greatest
a plan or design before. crisis in
• This refers to the choices we make throughout our lives which is
The Human Condition human
supposed to give history.
meaning
OTHER PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN
PERSON
Sacrifice

Deteminism Alruism

Discernent Perseverance
 “Your philosophy is
responsible to the future
YOU.”

-Miss Charess