Bonding

Types of Chemical Bonds

 Lewis Theory for Ionic Compounds
O Atoms and ions are stable if they have a full octet.
O Electrons are most stable when they are paired.
O Use arrows to represent the transfer of electrons.
O The final structure will contain ions.

Example Ba3P2

Ba P P +2 -3
3 Ba 2 P
Ba Ba
 Lewis Theory for Covalent
Compounds
O Atoms are stable if they have a full octet.
O Electrons are most stable when they are paired.
O Non-metals will share electrons to obtain a full
valence shell.
O A molecules structural formula can be visualized but
constructing a Lewis Structure.
 Lewis Structures
O Simple covalent compounds such as CH4 may be
done by pairing electrons from different atoms.
The pairing is shown with circles.
O More complex covalent compounds and
polyatomic ions should be drawn using an
alternative method.
Example CH4
H
H
H C H H C H
H H
 The Process For Drawing Complex LD Diagrams
1. Determine the total number of valence electrons
available.
2. Draw the diagram placing the central atom in the
middle and the surrounding atoms around it.
3. Put a pair of electrons between the atoms for bonds.
4. Complete the octets for all external atoms.
5. If there are electrons left over, place around the
central atom.
6. If the central atom does not have a full octet, use
electrons from the external atoms to create a
multiple bond between the central atom and an
exterior atom.
Example CO3-2
 Non-Octet Compounds
O Some compounds will contain central atoms that
do not follow the octet rule.
O The four possibilities for non-octet compounds
are:
1. Where more than 4 atoms are bonded to the central atom
such as PCl5.
2. A noble gas is participating in bonding such as XeF4.
3. Where the central atom has less than 8 valence electrons
such as BH3.
4. Where molecules contain an odd number of nonbonding
electrons such as NO.

N O
 Resonance Structures
O For some molecules, there are multiple ways of
placing the electrons between the atoms.
O Structures that differ only in the arrangement of
the electrons are called RESONANCE
STRUCTURES.
O Resonance structures are indicated using a double
headed arrow.
Example CO3-2
2- 2- 2-
O O O
O C O O C O O C O
 Coordinate Covalent Bonds
O A coordinate covalent bond results when both
electrons in the bond are donated from the same
atom.
O To determine if a bond is coordinate covalent,
compare the number of non-bonding electrons
around an atom to the number of valence electrons
the atom has.
2-
O O only has 6 valence electrons
and since O has3 nonbonding
O C O
pairs of electrons on it both the
electrons in these bonds are
Coordinate coming from C.
covalent bonds
 Homework
O Read Section 4.1
O Page 200 #1,2
O Page 204 #1,2