Numbers and Numbers Sense

Temperature are represented using numbers in degrees. In Fahrenheit,

high temperatures are represented by numbers above zero and low
temperatures are represented by numbers below zero.
Sets Concepts
 Set is a well-defined collection of objects which are called
members or elements.
 Deck of Cards

1. 52 cards 2. 13 ranks 3. 4 suits 4. Each rank 5. Face cards 6. Color

Identify the following.
1. A set of numbered cards 2. A set of black cards 3. A set of red face cards
Well-Defined Sets
A set is a well-defined if it describes a unique or a specific characteristics. A
well- defined set is not ambiguous and you can easily identify its elements.
Sets are conventionally denoted with capital letters.
Roster method- by listing each element.

In this method, each element of the set is listed and enclosed in curly braces {}
1. Set P is a set of integers between 1 and 5. P = {2,3,4}
2. Set Q is a set of positive even integers less than 10. Q = {2,4,6,8}
3. Set R is a set of vowel letters. R = {a, e, i, o, u}
4. Set S is a set of major subjects in high school.
S = {Math, English, Science, Filipino, Social Studies}
Rule Method/ Set builder form
In this method, instead of listing down the elements, the rules for
membership are indicated and defined. It can be written in the form: x/x is
read as “set of all x, such that x is a/an…,” and enclosed in curly braces ‘{}’
1. Set P is a set of integers between 1 and 5.
P = {x/x is an integer between 1 and 5}
2. Set Q is a set of positive even integers less than 10.
Q = {x/x is a positive even integers less than 10}
3. Set R is a set of vowel letters.
R = {x/x is a vowel letter}
3. Set S is a set of major subjects in high school.
S = {x/x is a major subjects in high school}
 Definition Roster Method Rule Method
Set A is a set of odd A= { x/x is an odd
numbers less than A= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} number less than 10}
10.
Set B is a set of days B= { x/x is a day in a
in a week that starts B = {Tuesday, Thursday} week that starts with
with letter T. letter T}
Set C is a set of C= {January, June, July} C= { x/x is a month
months that starts that starts with letter
with letter J. J.}
Set D is a set of D= { x/x is an integer
integers greater than D= {6, 7, 8, 9, 10, …} greater than 5}
5.
Finite and Infinite Sets
A set is finite if it has countable elements or it has limits; if it has not , the set is
infinite.
a. Set F is a set of stars in the sky.
Answer: Infinite set; stars cannot be counted.
b. Set G is a set of integers between 0 and 10.
Answer: Finite set; G = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
c. Set H is a set of whole numbers.
Answer: Infinite set; H = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
d. Set I is a set of numbers between 1 and 2.
Answer: Infinite set; I= {1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, …}
Empty Set or Null Set
A set without an element is called an empty set or null set and is denoted by a
empty curly brace ‘{}’ or a null set ‘∅’.

1. Set C is a set of multiples of ten between 1 and 10.

Answer: C = {} or C = ∅
2. Set W is a set of negative integers greater than 0.
Answer: W = {} or W = ∅
3. Set R is a set of months that starts with letter B.
Answer: R = {} or R = ∅
Universal Set
The universal set is a set that contains all objects or elements, including
itself. All the sets are under consideration can be subsets of another set
called universal set and denoted by ‘U’

Set A Set B
Equal and Equivalent Set
Equal set– two sets are equal if they have exactly the same element.
Equivalent set – two sets are equivalent if they have the same number of elements.
Example

M = { a, e, i, o, u} N = { a, e, i, o, u}
Sets M and N are equal sets.

A = { 2, 1, 3} B = { blue, white , red}

Sets A and B are equivalent sets.

Set P is the set of multiples of 2 from 2 to 10. Set Q is the set of even numbers between 0 and 12.

P = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 } Q = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 }

Therefore, sets P and Q are equal

M = { x/x is a letter from the word READ} N = { x/x is a letter from the word DEAR}

M = { R, E, A, D} M = { D, E, A, R}
Therefore, sets M and N are equal sets.
Note :
Q = { x/x is a vowel letter}All equal sets
R = first five are
integers greater than 0.
equivalent sets but
Q = { a, e, i, o, u} R = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
not all equivalent sets
Therefore, Sets Q and Rare
are equal
equivalent
. sets.
Joint and Disjoint Sets
Joint set –are sets having common elements.
A= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B= { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

A
1 3 246 B 8
5 10
Disjoint Sets
Disjoint sets- a sets without any common element.
C = { 3, 6, 9, 12, 15} D = { 1, 5, 7, 11, 13}

D
C
1 5
3 6 9 12
7 11
15
13
Cardinality of Sets
Cardinality of sets – is a measure of the number of the elements of the given set. The
cardinality of the set is denoted by ‘││’; writing the name of the set in the middle.

• If Set A has exactly n elements, then │A│ = n.

• If Set A is an empty set, A = ∅, then │A│ = 0.
• If Set is an infinite set, then │A│= ∞.

Lets us identify the cardinality of set M.

M = { a, e, i, o, u}
│M│ = 5
Subsets
Subset – is a set made up of components of another set.
If every member of Set A is also a member of Set B, then Set A is said to be a
subset of B and denoted by A ⊆ B (“ A is contained in B”)

A is a subset of
• Every set is B if and only if
a subset of

B
itself.
every element of
A A is in B.
• Empty set
is a subset
of every
set.
Example:
• Every set is a subset of itself.
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B= { 1, 2,3 ,4, 5}
• Empty set is a subset
Then,
of every set.
A ⊆ B and B  ⊇ A
Write down all the possible subset of A = { 1, 2, 3}
A= { {}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3}, {1,2,3} }
The number of subsets depends on the number of elements.
n=
where: e is the number of elements in a given set.
 Set expanded n
K = { a, b, c}
2 3
2x2x2 8
M = { 1, 2, 3, 4}

2 4 2x2x2x2 16
A set with five
elements.
2 5
2x2x2x2x2 32
A set with nine
elements. 9 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x
2 2 512
Proper subset
Proper subset – is a subset which is not the same as the
original set itself which is denoted by ‘⊂’.
Example:
A = {1, 2, 3} B = {1, 2, 3, 4,5}
A ⊂ B and B ⊃ A
If a set contain ‘e’ elements, then the number of
proper subset is n = - 1
 Set -1 expanded Proper subset
‘n’
Subset
‘n’

K = { a, b, c}
-1 2x2x2-1 o pe7r
y
8
a p r f a n
M = { 1, 2, 3, 4}
n o t e t o 16
2x2x2x2-1 t b s
-1 l f, b u
e r s u 15
i ts e ro p
o f a p
A set with five
bse t t i s 32
elements.
a-1s u ty s2x2x2x2x2-1
e 31
e t i s e m p
y
A set withs nine h e
n t. T set. 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2
Aelements.
s e pt-1 y 511 512
b
su -em -1
n o n
What is the difference between subset and proper subset?
A= {a, b, c} B = {a, b, d, e}

Can we say, A ⊆ B?

A⊄B
Example: The shop has banana, chocolate and lemon ice
cream. What do you order?

Nothing at all:
{}
Maybe just banana: {banana}. Or
just {chocolate} or just {lemon}
Two together: {banana,chocolate} or
{banana,lemon} or {chocolate,lemon}
all three! {banana, chocolate,lemon}