Runways

Open-V Single & Parallel

L T.O Single

S(Variable) Parallel

S TB

L T.O
 Runways

Intersecting

T.O

L
L

L
T.O
T.O
 Runways

600 450
 Runways

TB

APRON

300
 Runway Length
 A runway of at least 6,000 ft (1,800 m) in length is usually
adequate for aircraft weights below approximately 200,000
lb (91,000 kg).
 Larger aircraft including widebodies will usually require at
least 8,000 ft (2,400 m) at sea level.
 International widebody flights, which carry substantial
amounts of fuel and are therefore heavier, may also have
landing requirements of 10,000 ft (3,000 m) or more and
takeoff requirements of 13,000 ft (4,000 m).
Visual Flight Rules (VFR)

 Means the weather conditions are good

enough for the aircraft to be operated by
visual reference to the ground.
 In VFR conditions, there is no “ on route
traffic control” and aircraft are allowed to
fly on a “see & be seen” principle.
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)
 Conditions prevails when the visibility or
the ceiling falls below those prescribed
for flight under visual flight rules.
 Essentially these rules require the
assignment of specific altitude and
routes and minimum separation of
aircraft at the same altitude and flying in
the same direction.
ILS and PAR
 Instrument Landing System means a precision instrument
approach system that normally consists of the following
electronic components and visual aids: localizer, glideslope,
outer marker, middle marker, and approach lights.
 Precision approach radar means radar equipment designed to
enable an air traffic controller to determine accurately an
aircraft’s position whilst it is carrying out an approach to land so
that the air traffic controller can provide instructions and
guidance to the pilot to enable the pilot to manoeuvre the
aircraft relative to a defined approach path
Taxiways

 Defined parked path for taxiing aircraft to

& from the runway
 Object is to provide access to the aircraft
for runway to Terminal areas & service
hangers in such a way that aircraft that
just landed don’t interfere with the
aircraft taxiing to take off.
 Should not cross runway