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    Zeina Rizzi
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    This document discusses different aspects of democracy including direct democracy, representative democracy, populism, and whether science is democratic. It explores the ideas of Benjamin Constant on the freedom of ancients versus moderns, Plato's criticisms of direct democracy, and how populism can make promises to gain political support. While democracy aims to give power to citizens, real democracy is representative as direct democracy could give power to incompetent leaders. Additionally, universal suffrage does not eliminate social inequality as not all electors have the same political weight. The document concludes by noting that science cannot be democratic and scientific facts are not determined by majority opinion.

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    This document discusses different aspects of democracy including direct democracy, representative democracy, populism, and whether science is democratic. It explores the ideas of Benjamin Constant on the freedom of ancients versus moderns, Plato's criticisms of direct democracy, and how populism can make promises to gain political support. While democracy aims to give power to citizens, real democracy is representative as direct democracy could give power to incompetent leaders. Additionally, universal suffrage does not eliminate social inequality as not all electors have the same political weight. The document concludes by noting that science cannot be democratic and scientific facts are not determined by majority opinion.

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    2 views14 pages

    Democracy

    Uploaded by

    Zeina Rizzi
    This document discusses different aspects of democracy including direct democracy, representative democracy, populism, and whether science is democratic. It explores the ideas of Benjamin Constant on the freedom of ancients versus moderns, Plato's criticisms of direct democracy, and how populism can make promises to gain political support. While democracy aims to give power to citizens, real democracy is representative as direct democracy could give power to incompetent leaders. Additionally, universal suffrage does not eliminate social inequality as not all electors have the same political weight. The document concludes by noting that science cannot be democratic and scientific facts are not determined by majority opinion.

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    of 14

    DEMOCRACY

    GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE

    FREEDOM EQUALITY
    DIRECT DEMOCRACY REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY

    - Citizens expressed directly their will - Citizens express their will through the
    through their vote in assemblies nominee of parliamentary representatives
    Benjamin Constant 1767-1830

    FREEDOM OF THE ANCIENTS FREEDOM OF THE MODERNS

    Active partecipation in the collective


    Delegation to a parliament
    power

    Real democracy is not the direct one (based on the QUANTITY of representatives)
    but is the representative one (based on the QUALITY of representatives)
    Plato V century b.C.

    The political result is in the hands of the citizens,


    who are intellectually currupted
    Democracy as a “random government”

    What would be desirable?

    A democracy, that could give An oligarchy, that seeks to keep the power
    power to incompetent people in the hands of a professional government
    THE FRONT OF THE ORDINARY MAN
    After the referendum of June 2, 1946, Italian citizens voted for the election of a Constituent Assembly
    POPULISM
    The populist…

     Stands as a spokesman for the people

     Always has an enemy to fight

     Is nationalist

     Is anti-elite

     Makes use of a simple and aggressive language


    THE CAGE OF DEMOCRACY

    Democracy boosts political demands

    Populists make promises to answer the political demands of people, in a perpetual


    political campaign

    An ideal forward-looking politician who dedicates himself to long-term projects will


    end up losing the consensus
    Karl Marx XIX century

    Universal suffrage does not eliminate the deep inequality in the society

    Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo, The Fourth Estate, 1901


    Electors are different between each other

    Not everyone has the same political weight

    Suffrage does not eliminate the social inquality and


    democracy does not avoid the supremacy of a dominant group
    IS SCIENCE
    DEMOCRATIC?

    ROBERTO BURIONI
    • Professor of Microbiology and Virology
    • PhD in Microbiological Sciences
    • Specialist in Clinical Immunology and Allergology
    «Science can not be democratic»

    « Scientific data are not subjected to electoral validation: even


    if 99% of the world voted saying that two plus two is five, it
    would still go on to make four. »
    Sources

    - Biennale Democrazia Torino, 2018 edition

    - «Of the freedom of the Ancients compared to that of the Moderns»


    By Benjamin Constant

    - The Republic, book VI by Plato

    - http://www.parlgov.org/explore/ita/election/1946-06-02/

    - https://robertoburioni.it

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