Data Presentation Tools

Armecin, Celestina
Chapter 2 Watamama, Saguira
Oliver, Richard
Kim, Harvey
Logrono, Leo
Santos, Juliene
 Tabular Presentation of Data
 Frequency Table
 Cross Tabulation & Stub & Banner Table

 Multi-Way Tables with Control Variables

 Frequency Distribution
 Cumulative Frequency Distribution
Presentation
Grouped Frequency Distribution
of Descriptive Statistics
Cumulative Group Frequency Distribution
 Graphical Presentation of Data
 Bar Graph
 Pie Chart or Circle Graph
 Line Graph
Will be discussed by Group III
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 What is Frequency?
It refers to the number of times an event or a
value occurs.
FREQUENCY TABLE:
This is a table that lists items and shows the
number of times the items occur.
PURPOSE:
To help us to easily understand which Frequency Table
data values are common and which are
rare.
Reporter:
Celestina Armecin
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Data Presentation Tool: Frequency Table research
 Sample Frequency Table
“Watching Basketball”

RESPONSES FREQUENCY CUMULATIVE “f” PERCENTAGE (%) CUMULATIVE

PERCENTAGE

ALWAYS 39 39 39.00 39.00

OFTENTIMES 16 55 16.00 55.00

SOMETIMES 26 81 26.00 81.00

SELDOM 19 100 19.00 100

NEVER 0 0 0 0

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Reporter: Celestina Armecin
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Crosstabulation and Stub &
Banner Table
Reporter:
Saguira T. Watamama

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Data Presentation Tool: Crosstabulation and Stub & Banner Table
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What is Crosstabulation?
It is a statistical tool used to analyzed categorical data.
 Categorical Data is data/variables that are separated into different categories
mutually exclusive from one another.
 It is a combination of two or more frequency table.

PURPOSE:
 It allows to examine frequencies of observation that belong to specific
categories on more that one variable.
It is one of the most useful analytical tools and a mainstay of the market research
industry.
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A. CROSSTABULATION WITH TWO VARIABLES
No. of Cases Gender Cellphone Brand
Case#1 Male Apple iPhone
Case#2 Male Apple iPhone
Case#3 Female Samsung
Case#4 Male Apple iPhone
Case#5 Female Samsung
Case#6 Female Samsung

B. Resulting Crosstabulation
Gender iPhone Samsung Total
Male 3 0 3
Female 1 2 3
Total 4 2 6
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Multi-Way Tables with
Control Variables
Reporter
Mr. Harvey Kim and Mr. Richard M. Oliver

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What is Multi-Way Tables with Control
Variables?
When only two variables are cross tabulated, we
call the resulting table a two way table.

The general idea of cross tabulating values of

variables can be generalized to more than just two
variables.
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Reporter: Mr. Harvey Kim and Mr.9Richard Oliver
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Example:
A. CASES GENDER SODA STATE
Case 1 Male A Philippines
Case 2 Female B New Zealand
Case 3 Female B Philippines
Case 4 Female A Philippines
Case 5 Male B New Zealand
Insert or Drag and Drop
your Photo Here
B. The cross tabulation of these variables would result in a 3 way table
Gender New Zealand Philippines
  Soda A Soda B TOTAL Soda A Soda B TOTAL
Male 0 1 1 1 0 1
Female 0 1 1 1 1 2
Total 0 2 Add 2
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Theoretically, an unlimited number of
variables can be cross tabulated in a
single multi-way table.
  Insert or Drag and Drop

However, research practice shows that it

your Photo Here

is usually difficult to examine and

understand tables that involve more than
4 variables
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Reporter: Mr. Harvey Kim and Mr.
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 Frequency Distribution
Reporter:
Mr. Leo Logroño

Data Presentation Tool: Frequency Distribution Add a footer TREY12

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What is Frequency Distribution?
 Representation that displays the number of
observations within a given interval.

 Converts raw data into a meaningful pattern

for statistical analysis.

 Basis for probability theory.

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Steps of constructing a frequency distribution.
1. Specify the number of class intervals.
 Class is a group (category) of interest.
 Class must be both mutually exclusive and all-inclusive.
 Between 5 and 15 class intervals are generally recommended.
 Odd number is highly recommended.
2. Find the class width .
W= (L-S)/N
Where:
W = class width
L = the largest data
S = the smallest data
N = number of classes
Note: You must round up, not round off. (Example:
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8.2 will be 9, not 8) TREY 14 Leo Logroño
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Example:

A. Make a frequency distribution on the student’s scores:

35, 29, 26, 33, 34, 44, 37, 38, 40, 48, 36, 26, 41, 42, 43, 32,
36, 36, 15, 39, 35, 40, 34, and 36
B. Steps:
1. We select N=7
2. W = (L-S)/N
= (48-15)/7
= 4.7, rounded up to 5
W= 5
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C. Sample Table
Class Interval Frequency
15-19 1
20-24 0
25-29 3
30-34 4
35-39 9
40-44 6
45-49 1
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r eReporter:
s e a r c h Leo Logroño
Cumulative Frequency
Distribution
Reporter:
Juliene Santos

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What is the meaning of Cumulative Frequency
Distribution?
 Technically, a cumulative frequency distribution is the sum of the class and all
classes below it in a frequency distribution. All that means is you’re adding up a
value and all of the values that came before it.

Uses of Cumulative Frequency Distribution are:

 You want to check that your math is correct.
 You’re interested in studying a population to find out a “more” or “less”
question.

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 Example:

Cumulative Frequency Distribution for Scores Recorded for 30

Participants
Cumulative
Scores Recorded Tally Frequency
Frequency
51 //// 4 30
50 //// 4 26
49 ////// 6 22
48 0 16
47 /// 3 16
46 /// 3 13
45 //// 4 10
44 /// 3 6
43 /// 3 3
N= 30
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Reporter: Juliene Santos
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 There are 4 ways to make a
Cumulative Frequency Distribution
 By hand (table steps)
 TI 89 Instructions
 TI 83 Instructions
 Excel Instructions
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Thank You

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