Energy Online Power Point

Energy Part 1
Chapters 2, 19, 20, 21

Energy
• What is energy in general?
Energy: An Introduction
 When energy causes an object to move, it is a force

that can accomplish work.
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

2 Forms of Energy
Potential
Kinetic
• Energy is able to be converted back and forth
between these two forms.
 Energy conversions take place whenever chemical
bonds are broken or formed.
 Converting molecules with high-energy chemical
bonds to molecules with low-energy chemical bonds
releases kinetic energy.

Energy changes are governed by two
scientific laws
• The first law of thermodynamics: what does it
tell us?
• Energy tends to change from a more-ordered
to a less-ordered state as it changes form.
– This is the second law of thermodynamics.
– For example, a log of firewood is a highly

organized and contains a lot of useful potential
energy.
 When the firewood is burned, carbon dioxide, water,
and kinetic energy is released.
 The leftover ash has much less structure and useful

potential energy.

Other Stuff About Energy
 Energy is always conserved, but it changes in
quality- what does that mean?????
 For example:
 When we burn gasoline in a car engine, only about
16% of the energy released is used to run the car!!!
 What happens to the rest of the energy????

Some energy sources are easier to harness
than others
 Some forms of energy, like fossil fuels, are
concentrated and relatively easy to harness. Others,
like sunlight, are much more diffuse and difficult to
collect.
 Degree of success in harnessing the energy =

ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY

Some energy sources are easier to harness
than others
 Energy conversion efficiency = the ratio of the

useful output of energy to the amount we need to
input to harness it.

It takes energy to make energy
 Harvesting energy requires the use of heavy
machinery, construction of roads, pipeline, waste
ponds, storage tanks, and more — all requiring
investments of energy.

It takes energy to make energy
 Net energy expresses the difference between
energy returned and energy invested.
Net energy = Energy returned – energy invested

How do you figure out if an energy source will
give you a high amount of net energy?
 Energy sources are assessed using EROI (energy

returned on investment), which is calculated by:
EROI = Energy returned / Energy invested
(expressed as a ratio such as 10:1)
The higher the EROI ratio, the more energy we are

getting from that source than what we have to invest
into it.

 The EROI ratio of an energy source can change
over time. Why?????

Light energy from the sun powers most living
systems
• Solar energy is major source of renewable
energy.
– It provides about 99% of the energy that heats the
earth and provides all living organisms with food.
• Commercial Energy Sources
Fossil Fuels
• Our major source of commercial energy
We rely mostly on fossil fuels
The high energy

content makes these more
efficient to burn, ship, and
store.
Why are fossil fuels called fossil fuels?
– What’s a fossil?
• Fossil fuel is a general term for buried
combustible geologic deposits of organic
materials, formed from decayed plants and
animals that have been converted to crude
oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by
exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's
crust over hundreds of millions of years.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=zaXBVYr9Ij0
Energy generation and
consumption by source
throughout the world (International
Energy Agency 2015)
What’s the largest source?

• Fossil Fuels
We rely mostly on fossil fuels
 The high energy content makes these more efficient

to burn, ship, and store.

Energy is unevenly distributed
 The distribution of fossil fuel reserves varies from
region to region.

 If we look at the map, what countries are using the
most fossil fuels? Why?

Fossil fuels have many uses
 The amount of a fossil
fuel that a nation extracts
and consumes depends
on its size and level of
industrialization.
 Each fossil fuel has its
own mix of uses.
 Coal, for example, is
primarily used for
electricity generation.

 In the United States, coal, oil, and natural gas supply
82% of the total energy demand.

 EROI values for discovery and production of oil and
natural gas in the U.S. (Fig 19.5) Trend?

 Coal-fired power plants use coal combustion to
convert water to steam, which turns turbines to
produce electricity.

 Natural gas is used for electricity generation, heat,
and cooking.
 Petroleum is used as fuel for vehicles and petroleum
products are found in many household items.

OPEC controls most of the world’s crude oil
supplies
• 14 countries make up the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC).
– In 2015, OPEC holds about 81% of the world’s proven
crude oil reserves.
– OPEC’s members are Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Equatorial
Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.
Top 10 Oil Producing Countries - OPEC controls
most of the world’s crude oil supplies
• United States, 15,647,000 BPD
• Saudi Arabia, 12,090,000 BPD
• Russia, 11,210,000 BPD
• Canada, 4,958,000 BPD
• China, 4,779,000 BPD
• Iran, 4,695,000 BPD
• Iraq, 4,455,000 BPD
• The United Arab Emirates, 3,721,000 BPD
• Brazil, 3,363,000 BPD
• Kuwait, 2,825,000 BPD
BPD = Barrels Per Day

• http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/oil-producing-countries/
• How do you figure out how much oil we still
have?
Reserves to Production Ratio (R/P)
 Analysts calculate the reserves-to-production
ratio, or R/P ratio, by dividing the total remaining
reserves by the annual rate of production.
 The current estimate of oil reserves is 1.7 trillion
barrels and the rate of production is 32 billion per
year.
1.7 trillion / 32 billion = 53 years remaining.
 Natural gas reserves are estimated to last 54 more

years; coal’s R/P ratio is about 110 years.

How long might supplies of conventional
crude oil last?
• Global peak production = maximum overall rate of
crude oil production for the whole world.
• Peak Oil Theory = point in time when the

maximum rate of crude oil extraction is
reached, after which the rate of extraction is
expected to begin to decline.
Peak Oil Theory
• Developed by M. King Hubbert (geologist for
Shell Oil Company) in 1956
• Hubbert proposed that production of fossil

fuels should follow a bell curve and predicted
that United States production should peak in
1971 and then begin to decline. (He was right)
Hubbert’s Prediction of U.S. Oil Peak - 1970
What’s up with this
increase?

Peak Oil Theory
• Hubbert also predicted that world wide oil
production would peak around the year 2000.
(He was pretty close)
Peak Oil Theory
(Hubbert 1956)
• Oil production is currently in decline
everywhere in the world except for the Middle
East and the former Soviet Union. (Cornell
University College of Energy Engineering Website 2017).
http://www.geo.cornell.edu/eas/energy/the_challenges/peak_oil.html
Estimate of World Peak Production of Fossil
Fuels
So what’s the overall thought on peak production?
• “Peak Oil” is an economic concept so production

will automatically decline when less expensive
energy sources are available.
(Cornell University College of Energy

Engineering Website 2017).
Using crude oil has advantages and
disadvantages
• Advantages?
• Disadvantages?
Oil Spills
• Oil spills cause catastrophic damage.
– Major disadvantage
– In 2010, the BP Company’s Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling

rig exploded, spilling an estimated 679 million liters (180
million gallons) of crude oil into U.S. Gulf Coast waters.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/
2014/09/04/bp-oil-spill_n_5765802.html
Natural gas is a useful and clean-burning
fossil fuel
• Natural gas
• Has a high EROI, averages 85:1 but it can vary widely. (Hall et
al. 2014)
– Versatile fuel that can be burned to heat indoor space and
water, propel vehicles and produce electricity.
– Cleanest-burning among the fossil fuels, releasing much
less CO2
Fracking: what the heck is it?
• Hydraulic fracturing = fracking
– pumps water mixed with sand and some toxic chemicals
underground to fracture deep rock and free up natural gas
stored there.
– The gas flows out, along with a toxic slurry of water, salts,
toxic heavy metals, and naturally occurring radioactive
materials that is stored in tanks and holding ponds.
Marcellus Shale
• Marcellus Shale is a type
of sedimentary rock
• This shale stretches
across Pennsylvania and
West Virginia, and into
southeast Ohio and
upstate New York
• Natural gas is commonly
trapped within this shale
http://www.marcellusshales.com/
Hydraulic Fracturing
Fracking and Earthquakes
• Fracking is not directly causing most of the
inducedearthquakes. ... Wastewater disposal
wells typically operate for longer durations
and inject much more fluid than hydraulic
fracturing, making them more likely to
induce earthquakes. USGS.Gov
Fracking and Water Contamination
• https://www.epa.gov/hfstudy
• EPA's Study of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil

and Gas and Its Potential Impact on Drinking
Water Resources
EPA Study Findings
• EPA found scientific evidence that hydraulic fracturing activities can impact
drinking water resources under some circumstances. The report identifies
certain conditions under which impacts from hydraulic fracturing activities can
be more frequent or severe:
– Water withdrawals for hydraulic fracturing in times or areas of low water availability,
particularly in areas with limited or declining groundwater resources;
– Spills during the handling of hydraulic fracturing fluids and chemicals or produced
water that result in large volumes or high concentrations of chemicals reaching
groundwater resources;
– Injection of hydraulic fracturing fluids into wells with inadequate mechanical integrity,
allowing gases or liquids to move to groundwater resources;
– Injection of hydraulic fracturing fluids directly into groundwater resources;
– Discharge of inadequately treated hydraulic fracturing wastewater to surface water; and
– Disposal or storage of hydraulic fracturing wastewater in unlined pits resulting in
contamination of groundwater resources.
• We are now going to discuss alternatives to
fossil fuels.
Alternatives to Fossil Fuels - Solar
So which type of energy is solar energy

(potential or kinetic)?
New renewable sources are growing fast
 Although they currently
make up a small
proportion of our energy
budget, the new
renewable energy
sources are growing
quickly.

Germany Goes Solar
 Germany produces more than 6% of its electricity
from solar power — one of the highest rates in the
world.
 Germany uses a feed-in tariff
system, meaning that utilities
have to buy electricity from
anyone on the grid who can
produce it from renewable
sources.
 This has led to homeowners
and businesses installing solar
roof panels.
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/so
lar-power
• Video Field Trip - textbook

• Solar energy collection can be done using
passive or active methods.
Passive Solar Collection
 Involves designing buildings to maximize absorption

of sunlight in winter while keeping the interior cool in
the heat of summer.

Passive Solar Collection
 Planting vegetation can provide a temperature buffer
– which means what?
 Thermal mass = materials that absorb, store, and
release heat slowly are used to build the roof, walls,
and floor.

 Active solar energy collection makes use of
devices to focus, move, or store solar energy.
 Flat plate solar collectors are dark-colored, heat-
absorbing metal plates that absorb solar heat from
the roof and transfer it to hot water tanks inside the
building.

Active cont. - Concentrating sunlight focuses
energy
 Concentrated solar power (CSP) intensifies solar
energy by gathering it from a wide area and focusing
it on a single point.
 Solar cookers are portable ovens that use reflectors
to focus sunlight and cook food.

 Active continued- The parabolic trough approach
uses curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto synthetic
oil in pipes, which is then used to heat water into
steam, which then drives turbines.

 Active continued- Power tower facilities receive
sunlight concentrated by mirrors and transfer the
heat to steam-driven generators.

Active continued- Photovoltaic cells generate electricity
directly
 Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert sunlight directly to
electrical energy through the transfer of electrons.

Solar energy benefits – what
are they?

Drawbacks or problems with
solar energy?

Location, timing, and cost of solar energy can
be drawbacks
 One major drawback of solar energy is that not all
regions are equally sunny.

Solar energy is expanding
 China is currently the world leader in solar
technology, subsidizing its production so much that it
is driving U.S. manufacturers out of business.
So, what is this graph

telling us about solar
energy price and
production?

Recent Headlines on Solar Energy
 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-22/trump-taxes-solar-imports-in-biggest-
blow-to-clean-energy-yet

Alternatives to Fossil Fuels - Bioenergy
 Bioenergy is energy derived from biomass.


• In principle, bioenergy is renewable and

releases no net carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere.
– Any carbon released had been absorbed in the
production of the biomass.
Specific type of bioenergy – Biofuel
• What is a biofuel?
Type of Biofuel - Ethanol can power automobiles
 Ethanol is produced by fermenting biomass,
generally from carbohydrate-rich crops, in a process
similar to brewing beer.
 Ethanol added to gasoline in the
United States to reduce
automotive emissions.
 Primary source of ethanol

Biofuel – E85 (85% ethanol)
Flexible-fuel vehicles can operate on a mix

of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.

Biofuel – E85 (85% ethanol)
 This is especially popular in Brazil, which generates
ethanol by fermenting crushed sugarcane residue.
Nice graph!
Let’s
examine it!

Ethanol is not our most sustainable energy
choice
 Grow more corn so what
else do you need to help
corn to grow? What do
you need to prevent bugs
from eating the crops?
 Lots of land would be

required if we want to
replace gasoline with
ethanol

 Researchers are refining
techniques to produce
cellulosic ethanol by
using enzymes to
produce ethanol from
cellulose.
 Cellulose is in all plant
cells

Biodiesel powers diesel engines
 Biodiesel is a fuel produced from vegetable oil,

used cooking grease, or animal fat.

Biodiesel powers diesel engines
 Biodiesel has many advantages:
 Less vehicle emissions.
 Nearly identical fuel
economy.
 Cost effective.
 Nontoxic and
biodegradable.
 Can be sourced from
food waste.

Novel biofuels are being developed
 Many species of algae
are now being cultivated
to produce biodiesel,
ethanol, or even jet fuel.

v=ZGmwtDffc74
Is bioenergy carbon-neutral?
 In principle, energy from biomass is carbon-neutral,
releasing no net carbon into the atmosphere.
 Burning biomass releases carbon dioxide that was
recently pulled from the air by photosynthesis.
 This only holds true if forests, which sequester carbon
dioxide, are not cut and used as a source of biomass.

 Pros and Cons of Biofuels????

 Alternatives to Fossil Fuels - Hydroelectric

Hydroelectric Power
 Hydroelectric power, or hydropower, uses the
kinetic energy of flowing river water to turn turbines
and generate electricity.

Hydropower uses three approaches
 Most hydropower plants use the storage technique,
which involves storing and releasing water through a
series of turbines in a dam.

 https://www.tva.gov/Energy/Our-Power-System/
Hydroelectric/How-Hydroelectric-Power-Works

 The amount of electricity generated by hydropower
plants is dependent on the volume of water and the
distance that it falls.

Efficiency of Hydropower
 Hydropower is efficient, with an EROI ratio of more

than 80:1, higher than any other modern energy
source!

Switzerland and Hydropower
 Switzerland uses hydropower to produce nearly 60%
of domestic electricity production. (This is actually a
decrease from the 1970s).
 While there are limited hydropower resources
available to be developed, most projects are utilizing
existing infrastructure and reservoirs.

 https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/09/hydropower-
switzerlands-massive-source-of-renewable-
energy.html

Positives and Negatives of Hydropower??

Hydropower is widely used, but it may not
expand much more
 Hydropower has less
room for expansion than
other alternative energy
sources, because most
of the world’s large
rivers have already
been dammed.
 Newer renewable
energy sources have a
much greater potential
for future growth.

 Alternatives to Fossil Fuels - Wind

• How Wind Power Is Generated
– Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the
wind into mechanical power.
– Wind turbines convert the mechanical energy of
wind into electrical energy.
v=tsZITSeQFR0
Wind power is growing fast
 Wind power capacity is
doubling every three
years.
 China, the United
States, and Germany
have the greatest rates
of production.

 When ranked by what proportion of their electricity
comes from wind, smaller countries like Denmark,
Ireland, and Portugal lead the way.

Offshore sites for wind farms hold promise
 Offshore sites can be
ideal for wind farms,
because the wind
speed is greater and
the air is less
turbulent.
 Initial costs are
higher, but they have
higher energy
potential over time.

Wind power has many benefits
 No emissions
 Wind turbines produce 20 times more energy than
they consume, an EROI value better than most other
energy sources.
 Wind power can also be easily scaled up by adding
more turbines to an area of land.

Wind power has limitations
 Like solar energy, wind is
an intermittent resource
that we cannot directly
control.
 The geography of the
landscape determines how
much wind power is
available.
 In the United States,
mountainous areas and
the Great Plains have the
greatest potential.

Birds and Wind Energy
According to the current literature somewhere between
140,000 and 328,000 birds die each year from collisions
with wind turbines.

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Energy Part 1

Chapters 2, 19, 20, 21

 When energy causes an object to move, it is a force

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

– For example, a log of firewood is a highly

 The leftover ash has much less structure and useful

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Degree of success in harnessing the energy =

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Energy conversion efficiency = the ratio of the

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Net energy = Energy returned – energy invested

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Energy sources are assessed using EROI (energy

The higher the EROI ratio, the more energy we are

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

The high energy

What’s the largest source?

 The high energy content makes these more efficient

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

BPD = Barrels Per Day

 Natural gas reserves are estimated to last 54 more

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Peak Oil Theory = point in time when the

• Hubbert proposed that production of fossil

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

• “Peak Oil” is an economic concept so production

(Cornell University College of Energy

– In 2010, the BP Company’s Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling

• EPA's Study of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil

So which type of energy is solar energy

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Video Field Trip - textbook

 Involves designing buildings to maximize absorption

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

So, what is this graph

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

• In principle, bioenergy is renewable and

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Flexible-fuel vehicles can operate on a mix