Intellectual

Revolution
And How It Defined The
Society
 What is intellectual revolution?
● refer to Greek speculation about the "nature" in the period before
Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE).

o "pre Socratic" or "non-theological" or "first philosophy". – more

on physics and logic

● showed how society was transformed by science and technology

 Table of Contents

Copernican Darwinian
01. Revolution 02. Revolution
in the early times people questioned the most controversial IR
what created days and night. of its time.

Freudian
03. Revolution
relating to the ideas or
methods of Sigmund Freud
01
Capernicum
Revolution
In the early times people questioned
what created days and night.
“Mortal as I am, I know that I am born
for a day. But when I follow at my
pleasure the serried multitude of the
stars in their circular course, my feet
no longer touch the earth.”
— Claudius Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy
A famous philosopher and astronomer
stated that the planets, as well as the sun and
the moon, moved in circular motion around
the Earth.
The sun and the moon’s revolution explained
the existence of days and nights.

He believed that the Earth was at the center-

concept known as GEOCENTRISM.
Geocentrism or Earth-centered

In the geocentric system, the Earth is

considered to be the center of the solar
system.

The Moon, the planets, the Sun, and the

stars all rotate around the Earth (which
stays still), with uniform circular motion.
They compose the heavens, which are
considered to be ethereal and unchanging.
 “To know that we know what we
know, and to know that we do not
know what we do not know, that is
true knowledge.”
— Nicholas Copernicus
Nicholas Copernicus

A Polish mathematician astronomer,

challenged the Ptolemaic model.
He introduced a new concept
known as HELIOCENTRISM which
suggested that the center of the
Solar system was not the Earth but
actually the sun.
Heliocentrism/Heliocentric Model
The heliocentric theory argues that the sun
is the central body of the solar system and
perhaps of the universe. Everything else
(planets and their satellites, asteroids,
comets, etc.) revolves around it.

The heliocentric, or Sun-centered, model of the

solar system never gained wide support
because its proponents could not explain why
the relative positions of the stars seemed to
remain the same despite the Earth’s changing
viewpoints as it moved around the Sun.
 Nicholas Copernicus

The idea was rejected He was persecuted It was eventually

at first by the public as a heretic because accepted by the people
due to religious his teachings were in a period which was
belief had taught against what was called the BIRTH OF
them that the Earth widely accepted by MODERN
was created first religion. ASTRONOMY.
before all other
things.
 Nicholas Copernicus
Birth Of Modern
Astronomy
This era began what was
known as the scientific
revolution which resulted
in the transformation of
society’s thoughts and
beliefs.
02
Darwinian
Revolution
One of the most controversial
intellectual revolutions of its time
“In the long history of humankind
(and animal kind, too) those who
learned to collaborate and
improvise most effectively have
prevailed.”
— Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin
An English naturalist, biologist and
geologist.
 All life is related and has descended from
a common ancestor: the birds and the
bananas, the fishes and the flowers -- all
related.
Published his book, On the Origin of
Species.
 Complex creatures evolve from more
simplistic ancestors naturally over
time.
On the Origin of Species
In this book, Darwin introduced
the THEORY OF EVOLUTION,
which posited that populations pass
through a process of natural
selection in which only the fittest
would survive. He stated that
organisms have the ability to adapt
to their environment.
03
Freudian
Revolution
relating to the ideas or methods
of Sigmund Freud
 “The mind is like an iceberg, it
floats with one-seventh of its bulk
above water.”
— Sigmund Freud
 Sigmund Freud
- was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a
method for treating mental illness and also a
theory which explains human behavior.
He was able to change people’s perception of
psychology with his revolutionary theory of
psychoanalysis.
Freud was a one of a kind thinker. There can be little question
that he was influenced by earlier thinking regarding the human
mind, especially the idea of there being activity within the mind
at a conscious and unconscious level yet his approach to these
topics was largely conceptual. His theoretical thoughts were as
original as they were unique. It is a testament to Freud’s mind
to know that whether you agree, disagree, or are ambivalent
about his theory, it remains as a theoretical cornerstone in his
field of expertise.
 Theory of Psychoanalysis
-- is the study that explains human
behavior.
 He explained that there are many conscious and
unconscious factors that can influence behavior and
emotions.
 He also argued that personality is a product of 3
conflicting elements; id, ego and superego.
 Many believed that Freud’s theory had no scientific
basis as no empirical or experimental data could
support it.
 But he continued to work on refining his theory and
in fact tried to explain hos psychoanalysis can be a
clinical method in treating some mental disorders.
 Soon enough, people were able to understand the
concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually
resulted in classifying psychology as a science.