FUNDAMENTALS OF

ELECTRICITY
What is the importance of electricity
in electronics?
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

Electricity
Ω is a form of energy generated by friction,
induction or chemical change, having
magnetic, chemical and radiant effect.
Ω In short, electricity is Electrons in motions.
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

Electricity
Ω is one of the most useful discovery of man
which paved the way to the numerous inventions
from the simple tools to the most sophisticated
gadgets making what originally seemed to be
impossible become a reality.
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

Electricity
Ω Contrary to some belief, electricity is not new
Ω It has been here with us ever since and, its
existence is as old as the universe which was
discovered accidentally, by the ancient Greeks
sometime in 600 B.C.
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

Electricity
Ω However, the title of “Father of Electricity” was
accredited to William Gilbert, an English
Physicist after publishing his studies on the
“Electric Attraction” and “The Electric Force.”
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

“William Gilbert,
an English
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

Electricity is a property of the basic particles

of matter which alike an atom, consist of:
µ Electron
µ Proton
µ Proton
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

ΩThe Electron is negatively charge particle of an

atom sometimes referred to as negative charge of
electricity.
Ωthe Proton is the positively charged particle of an
Atom which is sometimes referred to as the
positive charge of electricity those weights about
1850 times as much as the Electron.
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

ΩThe Neutron is that particle of an Atom which is

not electrically charged and weight slightly more
than the proton.
Theory:
1. That, all matters are made up of molecules.
2. That, all molecules are made up of atoms.
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

3. That, atom contains neutrons, electrons and

protons.
4. That, neutron is neutral. It is neither positive nor
negatively charged.
5. That, the electron of an atom of any substance
could be transformed into another atom.
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

ANDRE MARIE
AMPERE, French
physicist, 1787-
1854
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

∆That the number of electrons that flows in a

given time is called current and the unit is (A)
Ampere.
∆ (I)Current is what flows on a wire or conductor
like water flowing down a river.
∆ Current flows from negative to positive on the
surface of a conductor.
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

ALESSANDRO
VOLTA, Italian
physicist, 1745-
1829
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

Ω That the force that caused the movement of

1A and 1Ω resistance that opposed is 1volt.
Ω (E) Voltage is the difference in electrical
potential between two points in a circuit.
Ω It's the push or pressure behind current flow
through a circuit, and is measured in (V)
volts.
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY
GEORG SIMON
OHM, German
physicist, 1787-1884
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

GEORGE SIMON OHM, German physicist,

1787-1884
• A very high resistance allows a small
amount of current to flow.
• A very low resistance allows a large
amount of current to flow.
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

GEORGE SIMON OHM, German physicist, 1787-

1884
• That the resistance that opposes 1A is 1 ohm Ω Greek
letter omega.
• (R) Resistance determines how much current will
flow through a component.
• Resistors are used to control voltage and current
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

JAMES WATT,
Scottish
Inventor
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

•(P) Power is the amount of current times the

voltage level at a given point measured in
wattage or watts
•Circuit – refers to the wire installations that
supply the current to light and convenient
outlet.
 ELECTRIC CURRENT

• By the definition, Electric Current is the flow or

rate of electric force in a conductor.
•A current will only flow if a circuit is formed
comprising a complete loop and contains all
the following required components:
 ELECTRIC CURRENT

Source of voltage
 A closed loop of wiring
 An electrical load
A means of opening and closing the
circuits
 ELECTRICAL MATERIALS

•CONDUCTOR – contains many free

electrons --- gold, copper, silver, aluminum
•INSULATOR – contains few free electrons-
Usually non-metallic such as wood, rubber,
glass, etc
 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

•BURNS. Burns can result when a person

touches electrical wiring or equipment that is
energized.
•ARC-BLAST. Arc-blasts occur from high-
amperage currents arcing through the air.
This can be caused by accidental contact with
energized components or equipment failure.
TYPES OF CIRCUIT
CONNECTIONS
PARALLEL CIRCUIT CONNECTION
METER BULB 1 BULB 2

FUSE
BOX

LINE 1

AC SOURCE
220VOTS LINE 2

SWITCH 1 SWITCH 2
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT CONNECTION
METER BULB 1 BULB 2
FUSE
BOX

LINE 1

AC SOURCE
220VOTS LINE 2

SWITCH 1 SWITCH 2
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT CONNECTION
BULB 1 BULB 2
METER
FUSE
BOX

LINE 1

AC SOURCE
220VOTS LINE 2

SWITCH 1 SWITCH 2
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT CONNECTION
BULB 1 BULB 2
METER FUSE
BOX

LINE 1

AC SOURCE
220VOTS LINE 2

SWITCH 1 SWITCH 2
 SERIES CIRCUIT CONNECTION
METER BULB 1 BULB 2
FUSE
BOX

LINE 1

AC SOURCE
220VOTS LINE 2

SWITCH 1
 SERIES CIRCUIT CONNECTION
BULB 1 BULB 2
METER FUSE
BOX

LINE 1

AC SOURCE
220VOTS LINE 2

SWITCH 1
 SERIES CIRCUIT CONNECTION
BULB 1 BULB 2
METER FUSE
BOX

LINE 1

AC SOURCE
220VOTS LINE 2

SWITCH 1
 SERIES CIRCUIT CONNECTION
BULB 1 BULB 2
METER FUSE
BOX

LINE 1

AC SOURCE
220VOTS LINE 2

SWITCH 1
 3-WAY CIRCUIT CONNECTION
BULB 1

METER FUSE
BOX

LINE 1

AC SOURCE
220VOTS LINE 2

SWITCH 1 SWITCH 2
 3-WAY CIRCUIT CONNECTION
BULB 1

METER FUSE
BOX

LINE 1

AC SOURCE
220VOTS LINE 2

SWITCH 1 SWITCH 2
 3-WAY CIRCUIT CONNECTION
BULB 1

METER FUSE
BOX

LINE 1

AC SOURCE
220VOTS LINE 2

SWITCH 1 SWITCH 2
 3-WAY CIRCUIT CONNECTION
BULB 1

METER FUSE
BOX

LINE 1

AC SOURCE
220VOTS LINE 2

SWITCH 1 SWITCH 2
 3-WAY CIRCUIT CONNECTION
BULB 1

METER FUSE
BOX

LINE 1

AC SOURCE
220VOTS LINE 2

SWITCH 1 SWITCH 2
 ELECTRIC CURRENT

Electric current is classified as:

•Direct current(DC)-The DC electricity, flows
in one direction.
•The flow is said to be form negative to positive.
•The normal source of DC electricity is the dry
cell or storage battery.
ELECTRIC CURRENT

Electric current is classified as:

• Alternating current(AC)-The AC
electricity constantly reverse in
direction of flow.
• It is generated by machine called
generator.
ELECTRIC CURRENT
 ELECTRIC CURRENT

This type of current is universally accepted

because of its unlimited number of applications
with the following advantages:
 It is easily to produced
 It is cheaper to maintain.
 It could be transformed into higher voltage
 ELECTRIC CURRENT
 It could distribution to distance with low
voltage drop out.
 It is more efficient compared with the direct
current.
Today it is possible to step-up electricity to a
power station, transmit to any distant place and
step it in down to for consumption.
 ELECTRIC CURRENT

A transformer is the device used for stepping-

up or stepping-down AC voltage. Common
source of AC are found in our outlet (typically
220 volts).
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
Wind Farm
These turbines are
part of a wind farm
located near Lake
Benton, Minnesota.
This region is one of
the most productive
wind energy sites in
the midwestern
United States.
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
Hydroelectric Power
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
Geothermal Power Plant
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
Solar Energy
 THE AC ADVOCATES ON THE OTHER
HAND, COUNTERED THAT:

•The AC electricity is dangerous, because it

involves high voltage transmission line
•The AC alternation is just like a handsaw
which cuts on the upstroke and the down stroke
 THE AC ADVOCATES ON THE OTHER
HAND, COUNTERED THAT:

•The high voltage in the transmission line could be

reduced to the desired voltage as it passes the
distribution line.”
•Alternating Current or Voltage is a current or
voltage that changes in strength according to a sine
curve.
 THE AC ADVOCATES ON THE OTHER
HAND, COUNTERED THAT:

•An alternating current AC reverses its

polarity on each alternation and reverses its
direction of flow for each alternation.
•The AC current goes through one positive
loop and one negative loop to form one
complete cycle that is continuously repeated.
THE AC ADVOCATES ON THE OTHER
HAND, COUNTERED THAT:

• The number of times this cycle of plus and

minus loop occur per second is called the
Frequency of alternating current AC
expressed in cycles per second normally
referred to as Hertz (Hz) named after
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.
• The frequency of the Direct Current DC is
obviously zero Hertz.
 THE AC ADVOCATES ON THE OTHER
HAND, COUNTERED THAT:
• The voltage is constant and never changes in
polarity.
• A circuit operating at increase voltage, has a lower
power loss, power voltage drop, and economically
constructed for using smaller copper wires.
 THE AC ADVOCATES ON THE OTHER
HAND, COUNTERED THAT:

•On transmission and distribution line, power

loss is the most important problem to resolve.
•This is the main reason why Alternating Current
AC gained more favor and acceptance during the
middle part of the 19th century.
THE AC ADVOCATES ON THE OTHER
HAND, COUNTERED THAT:

• In the USA, an ordinary house current

is described as 120 volts 60 hertz.
 1 in

1 in

Schematic Diagram Pictorial Diagram

CCMTC-NORTH JOB ALEX M. BAUTISTA

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF RATING
2cm PLATE
JHON E. CRUZ NO. 1 PARALLEL CIRCUIT DB: 6-10-13 DF: 6-11-13

7cm 1.5 3.5cm 3.5cm 1.5

SHORT QUIZ
1. is a form of energy generated by friction,
induction or chemical change, having
magnetic, chemical and radiant effect?
2. is one of the most useful discovery of man?
3. Who is the “Father of Electricity”?
4. It is negatively charge particle of an atom
sometimes referred to as negative charge of
electricity?
SHORT QUIZ
5. It is the positively charged particle of an
Atom which is sometimes referred to as the
positive charge of electricity?
6. It is that particle of an Atom which is not
electrically charged and weight slightly
more than the proton?
7. It is the term applied to an atom or molecule
which is no electrically balanced?
SHORT QUIZ
8. The physicists discovered that the number of
electrons that flows in a given time is called
current and the unit is (A) Ampere.
9. The physicists discovered that the force that
caused the movement of 1A and 1Ω resistance
that opposed is 1volt.
10.The physicists discovered hat the resistance that
opposes 1A is 1 ohm Ω Greek letter omega.
SHORT QUIZ
11. It is the amount of current times the
voltage level at a given point measured in
wattage or watts
12. A current will only flow if a circuit is
formed comprising a complete loop and
contains all the following required
components:
SHORT QUIZ
13. What are the deferent type of circuit
connection?
14. Classification of current that flows in
one direction the flow is said to be form
negative to positive?
15. Classification of current that constantly
reverse in direction of flow?
SHORT QUIZ
16. What is the wave form of AC and DC?
17. What are the sources of electricity?
18. What is the unit of Current?
19. What is the unit of Voltage?
20. What is the unit of Resistance?
21.Unit of power?