MODULE III

PROTECTION IN
POWER
SYSTEM

1
 On completion of this lesson, a student
should be able to:

Ability to explain and evaluate symmetrical

fault and protection in power system

2
 TOPIC OUTLINE

 Introduction
 Basic Components of Protection System
 The Concept of Protection System
 Fuse
 Computer Relaying
 Zone of Protection

3
 INTRODUCTION

4
 INTRODUCTION
 The primary function of a protection system in an electrical power
network is to ensure the continuity of the electricity supply.
 To achieve this, the protection system must be able to:
Detect the abnormal condition in an electrical circuit or piece of
equipment
Identify the location of the fault
Isolate the faulty section of the circuit or the faulty equipment only
without the electricity supply to the rest of the network.

5
 INTRODUCTION
Requirements To Protective System Provide For
Basis To Design Criteria

 Reliability: Operate dependably when fault conditions occur,

even after remaining idle for months or years. Failure to do
so may result in costly damages.
 Speed: Operate rapidly to minimize fault duration and
equipment damage. Any intentional time delays should be
precise.
 Selectivity: A relay system should provide maximum possible
service continuity with minimum system disconnection.
 Simplicity: Minimize protection equipment and circuitry.
 Economy: Provide maximum protection at minimum cost.

6
 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF PROTECTION
SYSTEM
7
 BASIC COMPONENTS
Protection systems have 3 basic components:
1. Instrument transformers
2. Protective Relays
3. Circuit breakers
A simple overcurrent
protection schematic with:

(1) one type of instrument

transformer—the current
transformer (CT),
(2) An overcurrent relay (OC),
and
(3) a circuit breaker (CB) for a
single-phase line.
Figure 1: Overrcurrent Protection Schematic
8
 BASIC COMPONENTS

9
 BASIC COMPONENTS
Instruments Transformer
 In general, there are 2 basic types of instruments transformers:
 Current Transformer (CT)
 Voltage Transformer (Potential Transformer) (VT)

 Figure 2 shows a schematic representation for the VT and CT. The

transformer primary is connected to or into the power system and is
insulated for the power system voltage.
 The VT reduces the primary voltage and the CT reduces the primary
current to much lower, standardized levels suitable for operation of
relays.

10
 BASIC COMPONENTS

Figure 2: VT and CT Schematic

11
 BASIC COMPONENTS
Currents Transformer (CT)

 For small currents at low voltage, trip coils and

ammeter can be connected directly into the current,
for example in series with the load.
 However, series connection is not practical for HV
systems and for larger currents, for example 100A and
above.
 Current transformers are used as a link between the
main circuit and the protection or measuring
equipment.

12
 BASIC COMPONENTS
 The function of the CT is to reproduce in its secondary
winding a current I’ that is proportional to the primary
current I.
 The CT converts primary currents in the kilo ampere range
to secondary currents in the 0-5 ampere range for
convenience of measurement, with the following
advantages.
 Safety: Instrument transformers provide electrical isolation
from the power system so that personnel working with relays
will work in a safer environment.
 Economy: Lower-level relay inputs enable relays to be smaller,
simpler and less expensive.
 Accuracy: Instrument transformers accurately reproduce power
system currents and voltages over wide operating ranges.

13
 BASIC COMPONENTS
Currents transformers are divided into 2 main types:-
 Protection currents transformer
 Measuring current transformer

The main parameters that define a current transformer are:-

 Rated Primary Current: The maximum primary current that the
transformer has been designed, for example the maximum current at
which it can still comply with the relevant standard specifications.
 Rated Secondary Current: The maximum secondary current that
transformer has been designed for. The values are usually 1 A or 5
A.
 Burden (in VA):The maximum load which can be connected to
secondary of the transformer.
 Accuracy class: The designation given to a current transformer that
complies with the error limits specified in the standards
specification.
14
 BASIC COMPONENTS
 Accuracy class
In BS 3938: 1973, measuring CTs are divided into 5P of 10P. A CT marked
“5P20” indicates that this is a protection CT with composite error of 5%
which is applicable for currents up to 20 times the rated current.

Special purpose CT are designated as Class X.

Example:
A CT with a specification of 800/5A, 15 VA, Class 0.5, means that the rated primary
current is 800A, the secondary current is 5A (when primary is 800A), the burden is 15
VA, and it is a measuring CTs with a current ratio error of 5% at the rated current.

15
 BASIC COMPONENTS
 Currents transformer used in distribution system have a single-turn
primary windings and multi-turn secondary windings
 The 2 most common types of current transformer are:
a) The primary winding is a straight copper bar (round or rectangular) the
secondary windings is wound round this bar.
b) A round iron core which the secondary winding is wound. Also known as a ring
CTs. This types usually used extensively in the low voltage systems.

16
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

17
 BASIC COMPONENTS
Table 1: Standard CT Ratios

Current Ratios
50:5 100:5 150:5 200:5 250:5 300:5 400:5

450:5 500:5 600:5 800:5 900:5 1000:5 1200:5

1500:5 1600:5 2000:5 2400:5 2500:5 3000:5 3200:5

4000:5 5000:5 6000:5

18
 BASIC COMPONENTS
 Ideally, the CT secondary is connected to a current-sensing device with
zero impedance, such that the entire CTs secondary current flows through
the sensing device.
 In practice, the secondary current divides, with most flowing through the
low-impedance sensing device and some flowing through the CT shunt
excitation impedance.
 CT excitation impedance is kept high in order to minimize excitation
current.
 An approximate equivalent circuit of a CT is shown in Figure 3, where:-
Z' = CT secondary leakage impedance
Xe = (Saturable) CT excitation reactance
ZB = Impedance of terminating device (relay, including leads)

19
 BASIC COMPONENTS

Figure 3: Current Transformer Equivalent Circuits

20
 BASIC COMPONENTS
Determine Current Transformer Performance

The following procedure can be used to determine CT performance.

 Step 1 : Assume a CT secondary output current I’

 Step 2: Compute E’=(Z’+ZB) I’
 Step 3: Using E’, Find Ie from the excitation curve
 Step 4: Compute I = n(I’+ Ie) , note: n=CTs ratio
 Step 5: Repeat step 1-4 for different value of I’, then plot I’ versus I

21
 BASIC COMPONENTS
CT Error

 CT error is the percentage difference between

(I’+ Ie) and I’.
Ie
CT Error  ' x 100 %
I  Ie

 Where,
Ie=CT Secondary excitation current
I’=CT Secondary output current

22
 EXAMPLE 1
Evaluate the performance of the multi-ratio CT in
Figure 3 with a 100:5 CT ratio, for the following
secondary output currents and burdens:
a) I’ = 5 A and ZB = 0.5 ohm.
b) I’ = 8 A and ZB = 0.8 ohm.
c) I’ = 15 A and ZB = 1.5 ohm.

Figure 3: Current Transformer Equivalent Circuits

23
 EXAMPLE 1

Figure 4: Excitation curve for a multi-ratio bushing CT

24
 SOLUTION
(a) STEP 1: I’ = 5 A
STEP 2: From Figure 4,

E’ = (Z’ + ZB)I’ = (0.082 + 0.5)(5) = 2.91 V

 
STEP 3: From Figure 4,

Ie = 0.25 A

STEP 4: I = n (I’ + Ie) = (100/5) (5+0.25) = 105 A

 
CT error = 0.25/5.25 x 100% = 4.8%.
 

25
 SOLUTION

2.91 V

0.25 A

Figure 4: Excitation curve for a multi-ratio bushing CT

26
 SOLUTION
(b) STEP 1: I’ = 8 A
STEP 2: From Figure 4,

E’ = (Z’ + ZB)I’ = (0.082 + 0.8)(8) = 7.06 V

 
STEP 3: From Figure 4,

Ie = 0.4 A

STEP 4: I = n (I’ + Ie) = (100/5) (8+0.4) = 168 A

 
CT error = 0.4/8.4 x 100% = 4.8%.
 

27
 SOLUTION

7.06 V

0.4 A

Figure 4: Excitation curve for a multi-ratio bushing CT

28
 SOLUTION
(c) STEP 1: I’ = 15 A
STEP 2: From Figure 4,

E’ = (Z’ + ZB)I’ = (0.082 + 1.5)(15) = 23.73 V

 
STEP 3: From Figure 4,

Ie = 5 A

STEP 4: I = n (I’ + Ie) = (100/5) (15+5) = 400 A

 
CT error = 20/35 x 100% = 57.1%.
 

29
 SOLUTION

23.73 V

5A

Figure 4: Excitation curve for a multi-ratio bushing CT

30
 SOLUTION
 Note that for the 15 A secondary current in (c), high CT
saturation causes a large CT error of 57.1%.
 Standard practice is to select a CT ratio to give little less
than 5-A secondary output current at maximum normal
load.
 From (a), the 100:5 CT ratio and 0.5 ohm burden are
suitable for a maximum primary load current of about 100
A.

31
 EXAMPLE 2
An overcurrent relay set to operate at 8 A is connected to the multiratio
CT with a 100:5 CT ratio. Will the relay detect a 200 A primary fault
current if the burden ZB is

a) 0.8 ohm
b) 3 ohm 

32
 BASIC COMPONENTS
Voltage Transformer (VT)

 It is not practical to manufacture meters and indicating

lamps for direct operation on 3.3 kV, 6.6 kV, 22 kV or
higher voltages.
 Voltage transformer that steps down the high voltages to
working voltages for example 120 V, 240 V and 415 V are
used.
 The are 2 types of voltage transformer :-
 Protection transformer
 Measuring transformer

33
 BASIC COMPONENTS
 The variation of voltage is a electricity network
usually very small (5%) so the operating range of a
measuring voltage transformer is small compare with
that of a measuring.
 However, if a fault occurs, the voltage drops to a very
low value. Protection VT must be able to operate
over a wide range from as low as 5% to 190% of the
rated voltage.

(Alternatively, a separate battery power supply unit is

used for supply power to the protection system/gear
– the voltage is normally 30V d.c)

34
 BASIC COMPONENTS
There are 2 types of construction for voltage
transformer:-

 Electromagnetic transformers with primary and secondary

windings. It is impregnated with synthetic resin. Normally
used up to 66 kV.
 Capacitor VT which uses two capacitors in a voltage divider
arrangement. The voltage across one of the capacitor
connected to the primary of an auxiliary of an auxiliary
wound-type transformer.

The required voltage for the

protection or measuring device
is taken from the secondary of
this auxiliary transformer.

35
 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

36
 BASIC COMPONENTS
Protective Relays

 The function of the relay is to discriminate between

normal operation and fault conditions.
 The OC relay in Figure 1 has an operating coil which is
connected to the CT secondary winding, and a set of
contacts.
 When |I’| exceeds a specified "pickup" value, the
operating coil causes the normally open contacts to
close.
 When the relay contacts close, the trip coil of the
circuit breaker is energized, which then causes the
circuit breaker to open.
37
 BASIC COMPONENTS
Class of Measuring Relays
1. Current relay: Operate at predetermined threshold
value of current.
2. Voltage relay: Operate at predetermined threshold
value of voltage.
3. Power relay: Operate at predetermined threshold
value of power.
4. Directional relay:
 Alternating current: Operate according to the phase relationship
between alternating quantities.
 Direct current: Operate according to the direction of the current
and are usually of the permanent-magnetic, moving-coil pattern

38
 BASIC COMPONENTS
5. Frequency relays: Operate at a predetermined
frequency. These include over frequency and under
frequency relays.
6. Temperature relays: Operate at a predetermined
temperature in the protected component.
7. Differential relays: Operate according to the scalar
or vectorial difference between two quantities such
as current, voltage, etc.
8. Distance relays: Operate according to the "distance"
between the relay's current transformer and the
fault. The "distance" is measured in terms of
resistance, reactance, or impedance.

39
 BASIC COMPONENTS
Electromechanical and Induction Disc Relays

Two types of electromagnetic attraction type of relay

are:
1. The plunger unit.
It has cylindrical coils with an external magnetic structure
and a center plunger. The plunger moves upward to
operate a set of contacts when the current or voltage
applied to the coil exceeds a certain value.

2. The clapper unit.

It has a U-shaped magnetic frame with a movable armature
across the open end. The armature is hinged at one side
and spring-restrained at the other.
40
 BASIC COMPONENTS
When the electrical coil is energized, the armature moves toward the
magnetic core, opening or closing a set of contacts with a torque
proportional to the square of the coil current.

3. Induction disc relay

Induction disc units are based on the watt-hour meter design and use
the same operating principles. They operate by torque resulting from
the interaction of fluxes produced by an electromagnet with those
from induced currents in the plane of a rotatable aluminum disc.

41
 BASIC COMPONENTS
ф Keeper

Disc

IS
Main coil
Figure 5: Electromagnet Plunger type I
Electromagnet
5 .фL .фR
4

6 Magnet
plugs

2 Figure 7: Induction Disc Type Relay Unit.

3 1 magnetic core
1
2armature
3relay coil
4spring
5moving contact Bridge
6normally open relay contact
Figure 6: Electromagnet clapper
type

42
 Induction Disc Relay
 This relay Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT).
 The operating characteristic of a standard IDMT relay is defined
as:
0.14  TMS
t
PSM 0.02  1
 TMS – time multiplier setting
 PSM – plug setting multiplier

I I – measured current
PSM  Is – relay setting current
Is

43
 Induction Disc Relay
Example:
 Determine the time of operation of a 1 A, 3 s overcurrent relay having a Plug
Setting of 125% and a Time Multiplier of 0.6. The supplying CT is rated 400:1 A
and the fault current is 4000 A.

Solution
 the relay coil current for the fault

1
I  4000  10 A
 The nominal relay coil current 400

125
Is  1 A  1.25 A
100
44
 Induction Disc Relay
 The plug setting multiplier
10
PSM  8
1.25
 the time of operation

0.14  TMS
t
PSM 0.02  1
0.14  0.6
 0.02
8 1
 1.98 s

45
 BASIC COMPONENTS
Circuit Breaker (CB)
 CB is a reusable device that may be rest after operation.
 It set to protect circuit and equipment from over current
resulting from overloads and short circuits.
 Electrically, CB connected in series with the load and
carry load current under normal condition.
 Have three operation condition ON (Contact closed)
allowing, load current to flow through breaker, OFF
(Contact open) breaker contact open , circuit is
deernergized and TRIPPED ( Contact open need reset)
when overcurrent and overload occur or by the operation
of the shunt trip on under voltage.

46
 BASIC COMPONENTS
Bimetal Circuit breaker
contacts
Current
Current
in
Spring out
Latch

Normal Tripped
A. Thermal

Latch
Circuit breaker
contacts
Current
Spring out
Armature
Electromagnetic
coil Electromagnetic
Current in coil
Normal B. Magnetic Tripped

Figure 8: Circuit breaker trip mechanisms.

47
 THE CONCEPT OF
PROTECTION SYSTEM

48
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
 A number of fault conditions can arise within a power transformer.
 Earth fault
 Core faults
 Inter turn faults
 Phase to phase faults
 Tank fault
 In addition to the fault condition cause stresses on the transformer,
such as overloading, system faults , over voltages and under
frequency operation

49
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
PROTECTED
I I
APPARATUS

im1 im2

Relay

High impedance im1 im2 – im1 im2

relay

Basic Differential Connections.

Restricted Ground Fault
Protection for a Y winding.
The sum of the phase currents is
balanced against the neutral
current, hence the relay will not
respond to fault outside the
winding.
50
Main scheme use for transformer. The
main principle , the current at each
side of protected apparatus for each
phase are compared in differential
relay.
Any difference current will operate the
relay.
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Number of considerations should
PROTECTED be dealt with in applying
I I
APPARATUS
differential protection including:-
im1 im2
 Transformer ratio
The CT should have rating to
Relay match the rated currents of the
im1 im2 – im1 im2 transformer winding which they
are applied.
 The current transformer should
Figure 9: Basic Differential be connected in Y for ∆ winding
Connections. and ∆ for Y winding ( see next
figure)
Allowance should be made for
taping changing by providing
restraining coil.
51
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Power
transformer
C. T.’s C. T.’s
Circuit Circuit
Breaker Breaker

A
A
B B
C C

Example of Differential
Relay Protection of a Δ/Y
R
o
R
transformer.
Phase A

o
R R
Phase B

o
R R Phase C

52
 EXAMPLE 3
Consider a Δ/Y connected, 20 MVA, 33/11 kV transformer with differential protection applied, for
the current transformer ratios shown in Figure 10. Calculate the relay currents on full load. Find
the minimum relay current setting to allow 125 percent overload.

Figure 10
53
 SOLUTION
The primary line current is given by

20MVA
Ip   349.91 A
3  33kV

The secondary line current is

20MVA
Is   1049.73 A
3 11kV

54
 SOLUTION
The C.T. current on the primary side is thus
5
i p  349.91   5.832 A
300
The C.T. current in the secondary side is
5
is  1049.73 A   3  4.545
2000
Note that we multiply by to obtain 3the values on the line side of the Δ connected C.T.’s. The
relay current on normal load is therefore

ir  is  i p  5.832  4.545  1.287 A

With 1.25 overload ratio, the relay setting should be

ir  1.25 1.287  1.61 A

55
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Buchholz Protection
 it is common practice in transformer protection to
employ gas-actuated relays for alarm and tripping.
 One such a relay is the Buchholz relay. Faults within a
transformer will result in heating and decomposing of
the oil in the transformer tank.
 The decomposition produces gases such as hydrogen,
carbon monoxide, and light hydrocarbons, which are
released slowly for minor faults and rapidly for severe
arcing faults.
 In the gas activated relay named after its inventor,
this phenomenon is utilized.

56
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
 The relay is connected into the pipe leading to the conservator tank.

ø As the gas
accumulates, the oil
level falls and a float F
is lowered and
operates a mercury
switch to sound an
alarm.
ø Sampling the gas and
performing a chemical
analysis provide a
means for classifying
57
the types of fault.
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
 Buchholz protection provides an alarm for a number of
fault conditions including:
1. Inter turn faults or winding faults involving only
lower power levels.
2. Core hot spots due to short circuits on the
lamination insulation.
3. Faulty joints.
4. Core bolt insulation failure.

 Major faults resulting in tripping include severe earth or

inter phase winding faults and loss of oil through
leakage.

58
 BUSBAR PROTECTION
 Bus bars are an essential link in the electric power system, and short
circuits in their zone have to be interrupted in the shortest possible
time.
 In distribution systems (6-20 kV) with supply through transformers,
overcurrent time-relays provide an easy protection mechanism.
 The relays interrupt the supply to the bus bars if one or more supplies
conducting a fault current.
 Power direction relays are used in the transformer supply side to
respond to a fault at the bus bars.

59
 BUSBAR PROTECTION
 Differential protection is the most reliable method of protection for bus
bars.

60
 GENERATOR PROTECTION
 There are a number of abnormal conditions that may occur with
rotating equipment, including:
1. Faults in the windings.
2. Loss of excitation.
3. Motoring of generators.
4. Overload.
5. Overheating.
6. Overspeed.
7. Unbalanced operation.
8. Out-of-step operation.

61
 GENERATOR PROTECTION
Various types of faults that may occur in the insulation
system of a generator's windings.
The faults shown are identified as:

1. Interphase short circuit.

2. Interturn fault.
3. Stator earth fault.
4. Rotor earth fault.
5. Interturn fault in rotor.
Note that A denotes the insulation of individual windings
and B denotes the stator core.

62
 GENERATOR PROTECTION

Allocation of Protective
Devices for the Stator,
Rotor and Prime Mover.

63
 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
 It is necessary to provide the desired selectivity such
that relay operation result in the least service
interruption while isolating the fault.
 The excessive currents accompanying a fault are the
basis of over current protection scheme.
 In transmission line protection system, it is necessary
to provide the desired selectivity such that relay
operation result in the least service interruption
while isolating the fault.
 In transmission line protection scheme, relay
coordination is MUST.

64
 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
Three methods of relay grading:
 Current Grading.
 Time Grading
 Inverse Time Over Current Relaying

CURRENT GRADING

1. Operates at suitable
graded current
2. Fault current are
higher near the
source.
3. Relays are set that
decreases as distance
from the source is
65 increased.
 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
Time Grading
1. Ensure the breaker
nearest to the fault open
first, by choosing an
appropriate time setting
for each of the relay.
2. Time setting increase as
the relay get closer to the
source.

Inverse Time Over Current

Relaying

1. Evolved because of the

limitation imposed by the
use either current or time
alone.
2. Time of operation is
inversely proportional to
the fault current level.
66 Relays type CO-7 is in
common use.
 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
Inverse Time Over Current Relaying
The operating time over current relay varies with the current
magnitude.
There are two setting for this type of relay:
1. Pick-up current is determined by adjusted current coil tap setting
(C.T.S).
The pick-up current is the current that causes the relay to operate and
close the contacts.
2. Time dial setting (or time multiplier setting) refers to the reset position
of moving contact, and it is varies the time of operation at a given tap
setting and current magnitude.

67
 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
Radial System Protection
 Many radial systems are protected by time delay overcurrent relays.
 Adjustable time delays can be selected such that the breaker closest to
the fault opens, while other upstream breakers with larger time delays
remain closed.
 That is, relays can be coordinated to operated in sequence so as to
interrupt minimum load during faults.
 Successful relay coordination is obtained when fault currents are much
larger than normal load currents
 Also, coordination of overcurrent relays usually limits the maximum
number of breakers in a radial system to five or less, otherwise the relay
closet to the source may have an excessive time delay

68
 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
 Consider a fault at P1 to the right of breaker B3 for the radial system of Figure 10.
 We want breaker B3 to open while B2 and B1 remains closed.
 Under these condition, only load L3 is interrupted
 We could select a longer time delay for the relay at B2 so that B3 operates first
 Thus, for any fault to the right of B3, B3 provides primary protection
 If B3 fails to open, B2 will open after time delay, thus providing backup protection

69 Figure
10
 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
 Similarly, consider a fault at P2, we want B2 to open while B1 remains closed
 Under these conditions, loads L2 and L3 are interrupted
 Since the fault is closer to the source, the fault current will be larger than for the
previous fault considered
 We also select the B1 relay with a longer time delay than B2, so that B2 opens first.
 Thus, B2 provides primary protection for faults between B2 and B3, as well as back up
protection for faults to the right of B3.

70 Figure
10
 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
 Similarly, B1 provides primary protection for faults between B1 and B2, as well as
back up protection for further downstream faults
 The coordination time interval is the time interval between the primary and remote
backup protective devices
 It is the different between the time that the backup relaying operates and the time
that circuit breakers clear the fault under primary relaying
 Typical time interval between 0.2 to 0.5 seconds are selected to account in most
practical applications

71 Figure
10
 EXAMPLE 4
The CO-8 relay with a current tap setting of 6 amperes and time dial setting of 1 is used
with the 100:5 CT in Example 7.1. Determine the relay operating time for each case.

Solution:

a) From example 7.1(a)

I' 5
I '  5A;   0.83
Ip 6
The relay does not operate. It remains in the blocking position.

72
 SOLUTION
I' 8
b) I '  8A ;   1.33
Ip 6
Using curve 1 in Figure 11, toperating = 6 seconds

I ' 15
c) I '  15A;   2.5
Ip 6

From curve 1, toperating = 1.2 seconds

73
 Figure 11: CO-8 time delay overcurrent relay characteristic
74
 EXAMPLE 5
An 11 kV, 50 Hz radial system is shown in Figure 12. Assuming a CO-7 relay with relay
characteristic given in Figure 13 and the same power factor for all loads, select relay
settings to protect the system with coordination time interval 0.3 seconds.

Figure 12
75
76 Figure 13
 SOLUTION
The load currents are calculated as

The normal current through the sections are then given by

77
 SOLUTION
With the given CT ratios, the normal relay currents are

 Now obtain C.T.S. (currents tap setting) or pick up

current in such a way that the relay does not trip
under normal currents. 
 For this type of relay, C.T.S. available are 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 10 and 12 A.

78
 SOLUTION
Choosing the nearest setting higher than the normal current

 For position 1, the normal current in the relay is 5.25 A, so choose

C.T.S.1 = 6 A
 For position 2, the normal current in the relay is 8.53 A, so choose
C.T.S.2 = 10 A
 For position 3, the normal current in the relay is 8.69 A, so choose
C.T.S.3 = 10 A

79
 SOLUTION
 Next, select the intentional delay indicated by TDS
(Time Dial Setting). Utilize the short circuit currents to
coordinate the relays
 The current in the relay at 1 on short circuit is

 Expressed as a pick up value

 Choose the lowest TDS for this relay for fastest action.
Thus,
TDS1 = ½
80
 SOLUTION
 Referring to the relay characteristic, for TDS1 = ½ and
10.42 ratio, the operating time for the relay 1 for a fault
at 1 is obtained as T11 = 0.15 s.
 To set the relay at 2 responding to a fault at 1, allow
breaker operating time,

Tbreaker = 5cycle x 1/50Hz = 0.1 s.

 With coordination time 0.3 seconds, thus primary

protection to clear this fault

T21 = T11+Tbreaker+Tcoordination = 0.15 + 0.1 + 0.3 = 0.55 s

81
 SOLUTION
 Short circuit for a fault at 1 as a multiple of the CTs
at 2 is

 From the characteristics for 0.55 s operating time

and 6.25 ratio,
TDS2 = 2
 Now setting the relay at 3
For a fault at bus 2, the short circuit current is 3000 A,
for which relay 2 responds in a time T22 calculated as

82
 SOLUTION
 For TDS2 = 2 and 7.5 ratio, from relay characteristic,
T22 = 0.5 s
 Allowing the same margin for relay 3 to respond for a fault
at 2, as for relay 2 responding to a fault at 1,

T32 = T22 + Tbreaker + Tcoordination = 0.5 + 0.1 + 0.3 = 0.9 s

 The current in the relay expressed as a multiple of pickup is

 Thus, for T3 = 0.9 s and 3.75 ratio, from the relay

characteristic
TDS3 = 2.5

83
 FUSE

84
 FUSE
 Fuse is a device connected in series with the
conductors that caries the full load current
supplied to the load.
 Under the normal condition, the load current is less
than the ampere rating of the fuse, and the fuse
remain intact to connect the load to the source.
 When overload or short circuit occurs, the current
through link will also increase. Once the link totally
melted, an open circuit exist in the fuse, an open
circuit exist and the circuit will remain open.
 Then it must be replaced. Fuse are “one time”
device.

85
 FUSE
Reduced area of link Reduced area of link

Filler material
A. Non-Current Limiting , Non-Time
Delay Fuse B. Current Limiting Non-Time
Delay Fuse

Short circuit element

Trigger spring

Connector

C. Current Limiting Time

Delay Fuse

86
 FUSE
 During normal operation, when the fuse is operating below
its continuous current rating, the resistance of the link is so
low
 If an overload current occurs and persists for more than a
short interval of time, the temperature of the link eventually
reaches a level that causes a restricted segment of the link
to melt.
 A gap is then formed and an electric arc is established.
 As the arc causes the link metal to burn back, the gap width
increases.
 The resistance of the arc eventually reaches such a high level
that the arc cannot be sustained and it is extinguished.
 The current flow within the fuse is then completely cut off.

87
 FUSE

88
 FUSE
Fuse specification is normally based on the following four factors.

 Voltage rating: this rms voltage determines the ability of a fuse to

suppress the internal arc that occurs after the fuse link melts. A
blown fuse should be able to withstand its voltage rating. Most low
voltage fuse have 250 – 600 V rating and medium voltage rating
fuse range from 2.4 – 34.5 kV.
 Continuous current rating: the fuse should carry this rms current
indefinitely, without melting and clearing.
 Interrupting current rating: Is the largest rms asymmetrical
current that the fuse can safely interrupt. Standard interrupting
rating for medium voltage include 65, 80 and 100 kA.
 Time response: the melting and clearing time of a fuse depends
on the magnitude of the overcurrent and specified by a ‘time-
current’ curve.

89
 Example
A 415 V distribution system is shown in Figure 14.
Select the suitable rating of fuse for each load and
incoming circuit using fuse time-current characteristic
in Figure 15.

90 Figure 14
 Example

91 Figure 15
92 EET301 POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING Figure 15
 Solution
Fuse selection for each circuit

Lighting load:
20kW
I lighting   27.8 A
3  415V
select 32 A fuse

Heating load:
30kW
I heating   41.7 A
3  415V
select 50 A fuse
93
 Solution
Motor load:
Pout 30 kW
Pin    32.6 kW
 0.92
The motor full load current is
32.6kW
I motor   54.7 A
3  415V  0.83

The starting current for 10 seconds is 7 time than the

full load current, therefore

I  7  54.7  383A

94
 Solution
 From the time-current curve, an 80 A fuse would
withstand 383 A for only 6 seconds.
 Therefore, for a 100 A fuse, which would withstand 383 A
for longer than 10 seconds, would be necessary.
 To provide discrimination the fuse at incoming circuit
must meet the following requirements:
 It must carry the normal load current:
I  27.8  41.7  54.7  124.2A
 It must carry the load + the starting current of the motor
I  27.8  41.7  383  452.5A for 10 s
 From time-current curve, a 125 A fuse would withstand
452.5 A for more than 10 s.

95
 COMPUTER
RELAYING
96
 COMPUTER RELAYING
 The electric power industry has been one of the earliest
users of the digital computer as a fundamental aid in
the various design and analysis aspects of its activity.
 There are many perceived benefits of a digital
relaying system:
1. Economics: cost effective
2. Reliability: continuously active providing a high level of
self-diagnosis.
3. Flexibility: Revisions or modifications made necessary by
changing operational conditions
4. System interaction: The availability of digital hardware
that monitors continuously the system performance at
remote substations.

97
 COMPUTER RELAYING
 Example of Functional Block of Digital Relay

98
 ZONE OF
PROTECTION
99
 ZONE OF PROTECTION
 Power system configurations, a fundamental concept is the division of a
system into protective zones.
 If a fault occurs anywhere within a zone, action will be taken to isolate
that zone from the rest of the system. Zones are defined for:
 Generators
 Transformers
 Buses
 Transmission and distribution lines
 Motors

100
 ZONE OF PROTECTION
 Each zone is defined by a closed, dashed line. As shown
in Figure 16, Zone 1 for example, contains a generator
and connecting leads to a transformer ,.
 In some cases a zone may contain more than one
component.
 For example, Zone 3 contains a generator-transformer
unit and connecting leads to a bus, and Zone 10 contains a
transformer and a line.
 Protective zones have the following characteristics:
 Zones are overlapped.
 Circuit breakers are located in the overlap regions.
 For a fault anywhere in a zone, all circuit breakers in
that zone open to isolate the fault.

101
 ZONE OF PROTECTION

Figure 16 : Power System Protective Zones

102