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php/JGEET EISSN : 25415794
PISSN :2503216X
Journal of Geoscience,
Journal of Geoscience,
Engineering, Environment, and Technology
Engineering, Environment, and Technology
Vol 5
Vol 5 No 3 2020
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Resistivity Models of Pantar Island Geothermal
Resistivity Model Geothermal System
East Nusa Tenggara
East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Y.A. Taufan 1,*, I.
I. Syafri1, A.Agus Nur1, D. Risdianto2, A. Zarkasyi2,
T.Rahadinata2, W. Awaludin2
1
Department of Geological Enginerring
of Geological Enginerring, Padjadjaran University, , Bandung, Indonesia.
, Indonesia.
2
Department Centre for Minerals, Coal, and Geothermal Resources
entre for Minerals, Coal, and Geothermal Resources, Geothermal Group, Bandung
, Bandung, Indonesia.
* Corresponding author: yoqie.taufan@gmail.com
gmail.com
Tel : +628179189958
Received :June 5, 2020; Accepted : July 24, 2020.
2020.
DOI : 10.25299/jgeet.2020.5.3.5115
Abstract
The subsurface geological conditions of a geothermal system are vital objects to be considered
The subsurface geological conditions of are vital objects to be considered in geothermal exploration.
The Magnetotellurics survey was conducted to explore for geothermal potential in Pantar Island
Island. This is to achieve deeper
penetration compared to our previous study that adopted resistivity method to determine reservoir zones based on rock
resistivity
istivity models. The difference in rock resistivity in geothermal
istivity models. The difference in rock resistivity
The difference in rock resistivity in geothermal
in geothermal systems provides subsurface geological
systems provides subsurface geological information in the
information in the
form of low resistivity that associated the clay cap zones (high conductive), the medium resistivity zones associated with the
low resistivity that associated the clay cap zones (high conductive), the medium resistivity zones associated with the
reservoir zones, and high resistivity associated with a heat source.
voir zones, and high resistivity associated with a heat source. The results of 2D and 3D models from MT data show that
The results of 2D and 3D models from MT data show that
the low resistivity value (<20Ωm) as a clay cover zones, this layer from the surface to
m) as a clay cover zones, this layer from the surface to 1000 meters. Medium resistivity values
1000 meters. Medium resistivity values
(20100 Ωm) starting from depths 1000 meters
1000 meters to 2000 meters
2000 meters associated
associated with reservoirs
with reservoirs zones, high
high resistivity
resistivity values (>
values (>
200 Ωm) starting from depths of 2000 meters are considered as heat source from the Pantar geothermal system.
2000 meters are considered as heat source from the Pantar geothermal system.
2000 meters are considered as heat source from the Pantar geothermal system.
Keywords: Magnetotellurics, resistivity
resistivity models, geothermal system
1. Introduction earth's surface (Zobin, 2017).
2017) The geothermal
1.1 Background of Research conditions require an effort to find energy potential as
Indonesia has a a large geothermal potential
geothermal potential in
in the
the an exploration activity.Traditional
Traditional geological methods
geological methods
world (Merry et al., 2017), with a potential resource of
, with a potential resource of have difficulty identifying geothermal reservoirs that
11,073 MW and reserves of 17,506 MW (Ministry of are buried deep because they only depend on the
Energy and Mineral Resources., , 2017)
2017) but only a few availability of point measurements, including hot
regions have produced (Maryanto et al. et al., 2017). spots, and analysis of water samples. Geophysical
The existence of geothermal energy consists of methods with deep penetration for reservoir detection
exploration activities to find potential energy sources. are the key to geothermal energy exploration
exploration (Lan
Required geological conditions that have geothermal Fang et al., 2016).
system criteria, this system is indicated by the Geophysical investigation with gravity method
presence of clay cover, reservoir servoir where liquids and AMT (Audiofrequency
frequency Magnetotellurics)
Magnetotellurics method
accumulate, heat sources, geological structures that for geothermal potential on Pantar Island was
are generally in the form of fractures, and fluids that conducted in 2015. This investigation was aimed at
act to deliver heat from the reservoir to the surface. finding out the geothermal system on Pantar Island
(Moeck, 2014) The existence of a geothermal system (Figure 1). The results of the investigation with 2 (two)
in an area will not exist if the components of the methods are still limited to the depth of subsurface
subsur
geothermal system are not met. (Carlson
(Carlson and Plumer, geological information (Rahadinata
Rahadinata and Taqodama,
2008). . The existence of reservoir information is an 2015).
important part of the next stage of geothermal Geophysical investigation using Magnetotellurics
exploration. (MT) method was carried out as as a followup.
Geothermal energy is formed naturally through (Nainggolan et al., 2015). . This method has the
the interaction
the interaction of rocks
of rocks and heat flowing beneath
flowing beneath the the
Taufan, Y.A., et al./ JGEET Vol 5 No 3
Taufan, Y.A., et al./ JGEET Vol 5 No 3/2020 127
advantage of deeper penetration (Aboud, 2014) with The purpose of this research is to study the
better accuracy compared to previous investigations. geothermal reservoirof Pantar Island, and obtain 2D
The MT method is one of the most widely used &3D subsurface models based on the resistivity
geophysical methods in geothermal exploration parameters generated from Magnetotellurics (MT)
(Lowrie, 2012), (Reynolds, 2011) because of its ability which is continuation of the method from previous
to detect relatively deep subsurface conditions. This studies.
method is one of the passive geophysical exploration
1.2 Location
methods which record the magnitude of the earth's
electromagnetic field (EM), in order to determine the The location of this research is in geothermal area,
subsurface geological conditions with resistivity and of Mount Sirung, Pantar Island. Located in Alor
conductivity parameters (Bera and Rao, 2012). Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia.
Difference in rock resistivity geothermal systems Located at coordinates 9059000 9073000 mU and
can providesubsurface geology in the study area, 621000 633000 mT on the UTM system, 51 S zone.
including determining reservoir zones(Panjaitan,
2010).
Fig 1. The Research Location, Pantar Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia(Adapted from Hadi and Kusnadi., 2015)
1.3 Regional Geology caldera wall forming Sirung's lava body and outside
The rocks that occupy the north and east coasts the caldera forms Beang Hill. The young Sirava lava in
are sedimentary rocks, which are limestone reefs, in the middle of the Sirung crater is the youngest product
the middle there are the oldest rocks formed at the of the Sirung complex. The geological structure that
end of Tertiary namely Kongmewas rocks and developed in the field of investigation is dominated by
Kalondama volcanic rocks with a geological structure the northsouth direction relatively as a major internal
directed north which separates the two old volcanic fault. This pattern is related to the regional tectonic
products. Volcanic products in the form of old Sirung direction that is developing in the Pantar area (Figure
products occupy the middle to the eastern part of 2).
Beang beach, while the Sirung precaldera formation In this area there are volcanic structure patterns
is filled with Boyali volcanic products, and Mauta is in such as caldera, allegedly formed by a massive
the south. eruption that exploded from the eruption of the
In the middle between the peaks of Sirung Tua Mount Sirung Complex resulting in a mass vacuum
and Boyali, a large explosion process occurs which and collapsed to form a caldera and a crater. The
produces pyroclastic and basal lava. The old Sirung volcanic structure pattern of Sirung volcanic caldera
pyroclastic product and the material that came out formed around the summit of Mount Sirung forms
was the result of a large eruption which caused a mass linear with diameters starting from 2 km (Hadi and
vacuum in the middle to collapse and form the Sirung Kusnadi, 2015).
caldera. Volcanic activity appears next to the collapsed
128 Taufan, Y.A., et al./ JGEET Vol 5 No 3/2020
Fig 2. Geological Map of ResearchLocation, Pantar Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia (Hadi and Kusnadi, 2015)
2. Method
2.1 Basic Theory of MT variation of the magnetic flux caused by the electric
The electricmagnetic phenomenon affecting field. Equation (1b) is a generalization of Ampere's
electrical properties (Unsworth, 2006), especially the theorem by calculating the law of conservation of
conductivity of the medium (earth) can be exploited charge enhanced by Maxwell. The equation states that
for exploration purposes using the MT method. This is the magnetic field will be generated as a result of the
done by simultaneously measuring variations in the current density and fluctuating electric current
electric field (E) and magnetic field (H) as a function of movement. Equation (1c) states that Gauss's law is the
time. Information about conductivity or resistivity transfer of electricity in a space in proportion to the
contained in MT data can be obtained using the density of the electric charge in that space. While
Maxwell equation (Telford et al., 1990) using a equation (1d) which is identical to equation (1c)
relatively simple model. MT measurement can applies to magnetic fields, but in magnetic flux or
produce resistivity information as a function of induction there is no magnetic monopoly.Generally,
frequency and then can produce true resistivity to the skin depth equation is written as inequation (2),
depth (m). MT measurements in this area have
scattered observation points so that can be used as
1
resistivity models on the westeast path. The results of 500 (2)
the field data are then processed by Fourier f f
transforming the data into a 2D inversion process,
then visualizing the 3D model for analysis into
Equation (2) explains the value of skin depth is
subsurface geological information.
inversely proportional to frequency and directly
The differential form, Maxwell's equation (Telford
proportional to wavelength. Every time in MT
et al., 1990) in the frequency domain can be written in
measurements in the field, the desired object is at a
the following equation:
height that can be inside, then the EM waves needed
are waves that have a small frequency or a large
B wavelength (Naidu, 2012)
xE (1a)
t 2.2 Research Stages
D The research method consists of data acquisition,
xH j (1b) data processing, and data interpretation. MT survey
t has been carried out inApril2017. MT data acquisition
D q (1c) has beencovering the area geothermal prospects.
Location of the MT measurement is shown in black
B 0 (1d) dots (Figure 3). Thedistance between measurement
points is about 11.5 km. The data processing,
modeling, and interpretation ofobtained MT anomaly
H is the magnetic intensity, J is the current density, E data have been carriedout at the Centre for Minerals,
is the electric field, B is the magnetic field induction, D Coal, and Geothermal Resources, Geothermal Group,
is the shift of electricity, and q is the electric charge. Bandung.
Equation (1a) is derived from Faraday's law which
states that changes in magnetic flux cause an electric
field with an electromotive force opposite to the
Taufan, Y.A., et al./ JGEET Vol 5 No 3/2020 129
Fig 3. ResearchLocation Map with 4lines MT (Adapted from Rahadinata and Taqodama, 2016)
Modeling for this research uses the inversion The results of this study obtain a subsurface
process, which is a modeling process by processing model that is produced deeper than the previous
field data using mathematical and statistical resistivity method (Vozoff, 1991), thus providing heat
parameters to obtain subsurface model information source zone information on the geothermal system on
based on physical properties distribution (Meju, Pantar Island. The resistivity distribution is displayed
1994). In the inversion process, an analysis of field in various color scales. Blue indicates low resistivity
measurement data is carried out by performing curve (conductive), and red represents rocks with high
fitting between the mathematical model and the field resistivity values.
measurement data. The purpose of the inversion The zone of low value ≤ 20 Ωm from the surface to
process is to determine the physical parameters of a depth of 700 m and detected to a deeper depth that
subsurface rocks that were not previously known. is a depth of 1000 m at other locations, is generally
spread over most of the investigation area. Low zone
around the manifestation of geothermal is thought to
be related to hydrothermal activity in the form of
alteration rocks which are found around the
emergence of hot and hot water, tuff, breccia, polymic
breccia, and pyroclastic. The results of the study also
carried out a structural interpretation of the results of
2D resistivity model from this MT data. The 2D model
is displayed in a vertical cross section that describes
the vertical resistivity distribution of rocks
(Singarimbun et al., 2017).
3.2 Discussion
3.2.1. 2D Model
The modelling results show rock resistivity
values from 0 Ωm to ≥ 250 Ωm. Line A (Figure 5), the
Fig 4. Inversion Modelling Flow (Meju, 1994) uppermost layer with a low resistivity value (020
Ωm) shown by the blue layer, this layer continues
3. Result and Discussion from the surface to a depth of 1000 m in the west and
The results which obtained in this research the east of the line, while in the middle of the line has
include the results of modeling and interpretation. a depth of 750 m. The low resistivity zone on this
path is thought to be the response of the
3.1 Result of Resistivity Model hydrothermal activity product rock in the form of
The model results in the study area are designed alteration rocks and volcanic sedimentary rocks, this
to be representative of all regions that are thought to zone is thought to be a clay cap in this geothermal
have geothermal prospects based on the results system (Weldeyohannes, 2018). The greenyellow, has
recommended by previous studies. Vertical models in a resistivity value of 20100 Ωm, this zone starts to
the study area are displayed as many as 4 (four) line appear at a depth of 750 m which is in the middle of
strajectories representing the study area. The results this path, in the west starts from a depth of 1000 m,
of the 2D and 3D models displayed provide combined and the east of this layer starts at a depth 1200 m.
information in the study area (Figure 3). This layer is thought to be a transition zone between
130 Taufan, Y.A., et al./ JGEET Vol 5 No 3/2020
alteration rock and reservoir. Rock layers with 3.2.1. 3D model
moderate resistivity values are found along this path The results from 3D model (Figure 7) show that
extending from west to east. Rock resistivity with a the first layer of this area has rock resistivity with a
value of 20100 Ωm starting from a depth of 1000 resistivity value of ≤ 20 Ωm that occupies the entire
meters is thought to be a reservoir. This zone is investigation area at the surface to a depth of 1000 m.
thought to be the top of the reservoir of the Pantar The low resistivity value in this area is thought to be
Island geothermal system. Rock resistivity zones with the response of the alteration zone which is a product
high values (> 200 Ωm) are shown by layers with a of hydrothermal activity and the response of tuff,
redpink color starting to appear at depths breccia, polymic breccia, and pyroclastic breccia. It is
approaching 2000 m. This high resistivity zone is suspected that this zone is a clay cap (zone in the
thought to be a heatbearing rock from the Pantar Pantar geothermal system.
Island geothermal system. (Parnadi et al., 2014)
Fig 5 : 2D Model Resistivity Line A
Taufan, Y.A., et al./ JGEET Vol 5 No 3/2020 131
4. Conclusions Nainggolan, S.S., Sastranegara,
Sastranegar R.M.T., Raharjo, I.B.,
2015. Volcanic Neck eck of Mount Iyang Argopuro
Argopuro
The reservoir zones of the Pantar geothermal system
Revealed from Gravity Study. S Proceedings
are shown by resistivity of 20100
100 Ωm, this layer is at a
WorldGeothermal Congress, 1925 19 April 2015,
depth of 1000 m to 2000 m and in some ar
2000 m and in some areas began to
Melbourne, Australia.
appear at shallower depths. This reservoir zone is closed
Panjaitan, S., 2010.Geology
Geology of Ulubelu Tanggamus
by clay cap with resistivity values <20 Ωm which are
Geothermal Area, rea, NorthLampung
NorthLampung Based on
considered as alteration, , tuff, breccia, polymic breccia,
Magnetotelluric (MT) Method Analysis. Jurnal
and pyroclastic. The presence of geothermal fluid is
Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral, Vol. 20, No. 2
Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral, Vol. 20,
suspected in this reservoir zone so that it becomes
Badan Geologi. Indonesia 2, 6991. 69 (Text in
important information for the next exploration stage.
important information for the next exploration stage.
Indonesian)
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