CHAPTER 3

The Properties of Matter

relate to their Chemical Structure
A.R.E.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
• describe and differentiate the types of
intermolecular forces
• predict the intermolecular forces possible
for a molecule
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
The attractive forces of solids,
liquids and gases differ from
one another as discussed by
the Kinetic Molecular Theory
of Matter.
2 TYPES OF ATTRACTIVE FORCES
IN MOLECULES

1. INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES
2. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
AN INTRAMOLECULAR FORCE AND AN INTERMOLECUAR FORCE?
 Intra = “within”
A. Covalent
B. Ionic Intramolecular forces – the
C. Metallic bonds formed within the
atom
WHY DO ATOMS CHEMICALLY BOND?
 Lewis Symbol
• Lewis Symbol – the nucleus and inner electrons of an
atom/ion represented by the element’s symbol, and the
valence electrons shown by dots

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Section 12.4 12 | 9

 Lewis Symbols
For the First Three Periods of the Representative Elements

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Section 12.4 12 | 10

For each molecule, there are
different names for pairs of
electrons, depending if it is
shared or not.
A. Bond Pair B. Lone Pair
-shared e- -not shared e-
This rule requires
all atoms in a
molecule to have
8 valence
electrons - either
by sharing, losing
or gaining
electrons to
become stable. OCTET RULE
Valence Electron – the outermost electron in the valence shell
 It requires 8
electrons because
that is the amount
of electrons
needed to fill a s-
and p- orbital
(electronic
configuration).
OCTET RULE
 A. COVALENT BOND

-occurs when pairs of

electrons are shared by
atoms. 
 Lewis Symbol Use

• Hydrogen gas (H2)

• H. .H  H : H or H—H (shows two hydrogen atoms each
sharing both valence electrons – a covalent bond)
• Hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid) (HCl)
.. .. ..
• H. .Cl
.. :  H : Cl
.. : o H-Cl..:
• (shows the H and Cl atoms sharing two electrons – a
covalent bond)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Section 12.5 12 | 18

TYPE OF COVALENT BOND ACCORDING TO NO. OF BONDS

Single Covalent Bond

TYPE OF COVALENT BOND ACCORDING TO NO. OF BONDS

Double Covalent Bond

TYPE OF COVALENT BOND ACCORDING TO NO. OF BONDS

Triple Covalent Bond

 Covalent Bonds & Groups

• Noble Gases (8A) tend to form 0 bonds

• Hydrogen and Group 7A tend to form 1 bond
• Group 6A tend to form 2 bonds
• Group 5A tend to form 3 bonds
• Group 4A tend to form 4 bonds

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Section 12.5 12 | 23

 Number of Covalent Bonds expected by
Common Nonmetals

Exceptions are uncommon in Periods 1 & 2, but occur with more frequency starting with Period 3

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Section 12.5 12 | 24

 A. COVALENT BOND

By sharing their outer most

(valence) electrons, atoms
can fill up their outer
electron shell and gain
stability.
Although it is said that atoms share electrons when
they form covalent bonds, they do not usually
share the electrons equally.
 ESSENTIAL QUESTION

HOW DOES POLARITY

AFFECT THE WAY WE MIX
COMMON SUBSTANCES?
 Non-polar Covalent
Bonds
-electrons are equally
shared between two
atom
 It is termed as nonpolar because the
difference in electronegativity (tendency to
accept bond pair of electrons towards itself) is
negligible. Hence, there is an absence of the
separation of charges between the two
atoms.
EXAMPLES OF NONPOLAR
COVALENT COMPOUNDS
EXAMPLES OF NONPOLAR
COVALENT COMPOUNDS
NONPOLAR COVALENT COMPOUNDS

These bonds can be

either formed between
two identical atoms or
between different
atoms.
 Polar Covalent Bonds
-electrons are unequally shared between two atom
 As a result there is a slight separation of
charges in a molecule in which more
electronegative atom (comparatively) carries a
slight negative charge and less electronegative
atom carries a positive charge. The bonds
formed between two atoms have a
permanent electric dipole.
 EXAMPLES OF POLAR
COVALENT COMPOUNDS
Electronegativities can be used to predict the nature
of the chemical bond that can exist between atoms.
 ACTIVITY
• Get your periodic table. Give the
electronegativity of each of the element
below:
1. Mg 6. O
2. S 7. N
3. F 8. Br
4. H 9. Ag
5. Zn 10. Fr
 Electronegativity

• Electronegativity (EN) – a measure of the ability of an

atom in a molecule to draw bonding electrons to itself
• Electronegativity also displays definite trends on the
Periodic Table
– Increases across a period
– Decreases down a group

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Section 12.5 12 | 39

 Electronegativity Values

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Section 12.5 12 | 40

 ACTIVITY
• Get your periodic table. Classify the bonds
of each of the compound below:
1. CO 6. SO2
2. LiH 7. LiCl
3. CCl4 8. MgCl2
4. N2 9. NaF
5. KCl 10. H2O
 “Like Dissolves Like”

polar = polar

nonpolar = nonpolar

polar ≠ nonpolar
 “Like Dissolves Like”

Washing up liquid is a kind of soap. Normally, oil and

water don't mix, so they separate into two different
layers. Soap breaks up the oil into smaller drops,
which can mix with the water.
 “Like Dissolves Like”

It works because soap is made up of molecules with

two very different ends. One end of soap molecules
love water - they are hydrophilic. The other end of
soap molecues hate water - they are hydrophobic.
Water and Oil
Soap and Oil
 “Like Dissolves Like”

Hydrophobic ends of soap molecule all attach to the

oil. Hydrophilic ends stick out into the water. This
causes a drop of oil to form:
CLEANING POWER
OF DETERGENTS
 “Like Dissolves Like”

These drops of oil are suspended in the water. This is

how soap cleans your hands - it causes drops of
grease and dirt to be pulled off your hands and
suspended in water. These drops are washed away
when you rinse your hands.
 IONIC BONDING

Ionic bonding is the

complete transfer of
valence electron(s)
between atoms and is a
type of chemical bond
that generates two
oppositely charged ions.
 IONIC BONDING

By losing those
electrons, these metals
can achieve noble-gas
configuration and satisfy
the octet rule.
 IONIC BONDING

In ionic bonding,
electrons are transferred
from one atom to
another resulting in the
formation of positive
and negative ions.
 Pattern of Ionic Charges
Noble Gases

Tend to lose valence electrons Gain electrons in

valence shell

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Section 12.4 12 | 55

 Electron Shell Distribution
Results in Ionic Charge Pattern

+1 +2 +3 -3 -2 -1

Metals Nonmetals

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Section 12.4 12 | 56

EXAMPLE: BONDING IN NACL
EXAMPLE: BONDING IN NACL
Sodium (2,8,1) has 1 electron
more than a stable noble gas
structure (2,8). If it gave away
that electron it would become
more stable.

BONDING IN NACL
Chlorine (2,8,7) has 1 electron
short of a stable noble gas
structure (2,8,8). If it could
gain an electron from
somewhere it too would
become more stable.

BONDING IN NACL
 IONIC BONDING

If electrons are lost from

an atom, positive ions
are formed. Positive ions
are sometimes
called cations.
 IONIC BONDING

If electrons are gained

by an atom, negative
ions are formed. A
negative ion is
sometimes called
an anion.
EXAMPLE 2: BONDING IN MGO
EXAMPLE 2: BONDING IN CACL2
EXAMPLE 3: BONDING IN K2O
 Summary of
Ionic and
Covalent
Bonding

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Section 12.5 12 | 67

Intermolecular Forces of
Attraction
 Hydrogen Bonding
Bonding between hydrogen and more electronegative
neighboring atoms such as oxygen and nitrogen

Base pairing in DNA by hydrogen bonding

Hydrogen Bonding in Water