HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY

VIRUS (HIV)

Presented by:
 Marlene Lombi
 C T Sivia

Group number: 02
 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 History
 Morphology
 Genome
 Cultural characteristics
 Mode of Transmission
 Pathogenesis
 Laboratory Diagnosis
 Prevention
 Treatment
 INTRODUCTION
o HIV is the causative agent of the fatal condition
called Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)
o Attacks the Immune System
o Family: Retroviridae
o Characteristic feature: Reverse Transcription
o Single Stranded RNA
o HIV I and HIV II
o World AIDS day: 1st December
 HISTORY
 First reported by Luc Montagnier et al
 Recognized first in the US in 1980-1981 in
homosexual men
 HIV I is isolated from USA, Europe and Central
Africa
 HIV II from West Africa
 Killed more than 25 million
people
 MORPHOLOGY

 Spherical enveloped virus

 90-120 nm in diameter
 Envelope: Lipid Bilayer Membrane
 Outer Envelope studded with Glycoprotein spikes (gp
120) & Transmembrane Pedicles (gp41)
 Capsid: Protein coat that surrounds the core of the virus
 Central Core:
 Viral proteins
 RNA Genome
 Enzymes
 GENOME
Structural genes: GAG, POL & ENV
Non-structural genes: TAT, REV, NEF,
VIF & VPR
HIV I contains VPU
HIV II has VPX
Product of these genes act as antigens
 CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
Culture of HIV is difficult
Not done frequently because of the
risk involved
Virus is cell associated – Patients’
peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells co-
cultivated with uninfected human
blood
Cytolysis & Syncitia formation
Fluid of culture is tested to
demonstrate the reverse transcriptase
activity
 DIFFERENTIATION
HIV I
• Has the widest distribution
• Structural gene: VPU
• Most variants of human AIDS
are HIV I
• Transmission is up to 40%
• Origin: common Chimpanzees
HIV II
• Found mostly in West
Africa
• Structural gene: VPX
• Less virulent
• Less than 4%
• Origin: Sooty Mangabey
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
HIGH RISK FACTORS
The risk of acquiring HIV is more in:
Homosexuals
People with multiple sex partners
Prostitutes
Intravenous drug addicts
People suffering from STDs
Recipients of blood or blood
products
SYMPTOMS
PATHOGENESIS
HIV virus binds to the host cell
It fuses with the cell membrane
The HIV RNA is converted to DNA
DNA is integrated into the genome of the
infected cell causing a latent infection
Lytic Infection is initiated
It releases progeny virions to infect other cells
HIV proteins and RNA move to the surface of
cell & are assembled into immature HIV
Immature virus leave the cell by the process of
budding
Budding causes rupture of T4 Lymphocytes
Function of other cells is also affected
(monocyte & macrophage)
HIV also affects the CNS
 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
1. Specific test for HIV Infection
~ Antibody detection
-ELISA Test: most
commonly used screening
test. It has sensitivity and
specificity of >99%. False +ve
or -ve rate is <2%. If it is –ve,
WB is usually not done. If +ve
and confirmed by WB, the
individual is infected with
HIV.
-Western Blot Test:
confirmatory test. Detects the
presence of specific antibodies
against all three HIV antigens
(GAG, POL & ENV)
~ Antigen Detection: P24 antigen
~ Virus Isolation
~Detection of viral nucleic acid
2. Non-Specific Tests:
~Total & Differential Leukocyte count
~T-lymphocyte sub-set assay
~Platelet count
~IgG & IgA levels
~Skin test for CMI
3. Test for oppurtunistic Infections & Tumour
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
 Use
sterilized
Use
needles &
protection
never share
for safe sex
them with
others

Take meds
that can
protect you
from HIV
exposure

Screen all Get tested

blood & blood
products for regularly
HIV for STDs
 TREATMENT
•No vaccine has been discovered yet
•Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): Treatment with antiretroviral
drugs is the mainstay in the management of HIV infection.
Antiretroviral drugs include both nucleoside and non-nucleoside
inhibitors of enzyme reverse transcriptase, viral protease
inhibitors, fusion inhibitor, integrase inhibitor and entry
inhibitor. These drugs had been used as monotherapy or in
various combinations.
•Treatment and prophylaxis of oppurtunistic infection and
tumors
•General management and
•Immuno-restorative measures
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DR. CP BAVEJA. 2018. “TEXTBOOK OF
MICROBIOLOGY”, 6TH EDITION

OWEN, PUNT & STRANFORD.

“IMMUNOLOGY”, 7TH EDITION

PRAFUL B. GODKAR & DARSHAN P

GODKAR. 2014. “TEXTBOOK OF
MEDICAL LABORATORY
TECHNOLOGY”, 3RD EDITION