electronics

Hajra zia
71
medical physics
Electronics:

 The study of flow and control of electrons (electricity) and the

study of their behavior and effects in different media (vacuum,
gases, semiconductors) and devices using such electrons.
Semi conductors:

 A solid substance that have conductivity in between that of an

insulator and most of metals either due to effect of temperature or
by adding impurities.
TYPES:
INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS
EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS
INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS:

 Pure and perfect semiconductor crystal containing no impurities.

EXAMPLE:
silicon
EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS:

 Semiconductors doped with specific impurity which modify the

electrical properties of the semiconductor making it suitable for
electronic appliances.
EXAMPLE:
N-TYPE semiconductors.
P-TYPE semiconductors.
DOPING:

 An addition of impurity into an intrinsic or pure semiconductor is

called doping.
DOPANT:
The impurity added is called a dopant.
Pentavalent elements from group V or Trivalent elements from
group III are used as dopants.
N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS:

 When a pure semiconductor is doped with a pentavalent impurity.

Phosphorus and Arsenic are usually used as dopants.
Called N-type because ELECTRONS are majority carriers and
HOLES are minority carriers.
P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS:

 When a pure semiconductor is doped with a trivalent impurity.

Boron and Aluminum are commonly used.
Called P-type because HOLES are majority carriers and
ELECTRONS are minority carriers.
 Diode:

 Allows current to flow only in one direction.

 It has the ability to conduct, as well as oppose the current.
 If the positive terminal of the source is attached to the cathode,
diode allows the current to flow.
 If the negative terminal is attached to the cathode, diode opposes the
current.
PN JUNCTION:

 Junction diode is formed when a P-type crystal is in contact with N-

type crystal and high pressure is applied so that it becomes a single
piece.
RECTIFICATION:

 Process of conversion of Alternate current into direct current.

The device used to complete this action is called RECTIFIER.
TYPES:

Two types are there:

 Half Wave Rectifier .

 Full Wave Rectifier:

1) Center tap rectifier
2) Bridge rectifier
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER:

 Consist of :
A diode.
An AC voltage source.
An external load resistance (RL).
WORKING:

 When Positive cycle arrives diode becomes short circuit (closed or

complete) so allows the passage of current.
 When negative cycle begins diode becomes open circuit and so do
not allow current to pass.
FULL WAVE RECTIFICATION:

 Two types of full wave rectifiers are used:

a) Center tapped rectifier.
b) Bridge rectifier.
CENTER TAPPED RECTIFIER:
 It consists of two diodes a load resistance and 2 coils.
When positive cycle begins diode D1 becomes short circuit and D2
becomes open.
 Current only flows in the upper part of the circuit.
 During negative cycle diode D1 becomes open circuit and diode D2
becomes short circuit.
 Current only flows in the lower part of circuit.
BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

 During positive cycle diode D1 is closed , D2 is open, D3 is short

circuit , D4 is open so the current route will be this:
D1RLD3
 During negative cycle D1 is open circuit, D2 is short circuit,
D3 is open, D4 is short circuit so the route
will be this:
D4RLD2.
 The direction of flow is same so the direct current is obtained.