GUESS THE WORD?

S P Y C O L Y P H O

PSYCHOLOGY
 GUESS THE WORD?

L O S Y O I C G O

SOCIOLOGY
 GUESS THE WORD?

H L S P Y I O H O H

PHILOSOPHY
 GUESS THE WORD?

T R C L S H I A I O

HISTORICAL
FOUNDATIONS
OF
CURRICULUM
Learning Objectives
• Describe the foundations of curriculum development.
• Explain how each foundation influences the curriculum
development.
The foundations in the framing of the curriculum, as
discussed by Bilbao (2015) and Pawilen (2019) include:

PSYCHOLOGICA
L

Curriculum
SOCIOLOGICAL Foundations HISTORICAL

PHILOSOPHICAL
1. Psychology
Study of learners and learning theories (Print, 1993)
• Provides the basis of framing educational objectives
• Describing student’s characteristics
• Understanding learning processes
• Designing teaching methods and evaluation procedures
Questions which can be addressed by
psychological foundations

• How should curriculum be organized to enhance learning?

• What is the optimal level of students participation in
learning the various contents of the curriculum?
Importance of Psychological Foundation to
Curriculum Development
1. Teaching the curriculum and learning it are interrelated.
2. This discipline field of inquiry furnishes theories and
principles of learning that influence teacher-student
behavior.
3. Basis for understanding how the individual interacts with
objects and persons and;
4. Screen for helping determine what our objective and how
learning takes place.
 Learning theories and their
proponents (Ornstein and Hunkins
2004)
Learning theories and their proponents (Ornstein and
Hunkins 2004)

Psychological

Behaviorist and Humanistic

Cognitive
Association Conception
 Behaviorist & Association

Connectionism • Edward Lee Thorndike

Classical
• Ivan Pavlov
Conditioning

Hierarchical • Robert Gagne

Learning
  He championed the Connectionism Theory
• cat learning to escape from a “puzzle box” by
pressing a lever inside the box.
• the cat learns to associate pressing the lever(S) with
opening the door (R).
 He proposed the three laws of learning:
Law of effect, Law of Readiness/Recency, Law of
Exercise.
Edward Lee
Thorndike  Specific stimulus has specific response.
  He is the Father of the Classical Conditioning
Theory, the S-R Theory.
 Conditioned stimulus (a bell) with an
unconditioned stimulus (food) a dog would begin
to salivate (response) when the bell was rung
without presenting the food.

Ivan Pavlov
As a child, perhaps you were given a special treat or
privilege upon earning good grades on report cards or
progress reports. You may have begun to associate good
grades with a special treat.
Conditioned Stimulus:
Good report card
Unconditioned Stimulus:
Going for ice cream etc.
Response?
  He proposed the Hierarchical Learning Theory
 Behavior is based on prerequisite conditions.
 The higher the order of learning in this hierarchy
build upon the lower levels, requiring
progressively greater amounts of previous
learning for their success.
Robert Gagne
 Cognitive- Information Processing

Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget (1896-1936)
Stage
Socio-cultural
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
development Theory

Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner

  Cognitive Development (stages from birth to
maturity)
 Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years
 Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7
 Concrete operational stage: ages 12 and up
 Keys to learning
 Assimilation
 Accommodation
Jean Piaget
 Equilibration
  Sociocultural Development Theory
 Cultural Transmission and development
 Scaffolding
 Keys to Learning
 Pedagogy creates learning processes that lead it to
development.
 The child is an active agent in his or her educational
Lev Vygotsky
process.
  Multiple intelligences
 Human have several different ways of processing
information and these ways are relatively
independent of one another.
 A person can be low in one domain but are but
high in other.
Howard Gardner
 Humanistic Conception

Gestalt Theory Wolfgang Koler

Self Actualization Theory Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

Nondirective &
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
Therapeutic Learning
  Gestalt theory
 Complex and abstract
 Wholeness of the problem
Wolfgang
Koler
  Self actualization theory
 Key to learning
Produce a healthy and happy learners who
can accomplish ad actualize his or her
Abraham human self.
Maslow
  Nondirective Therapeutic Learning
 He established counselling procedures and
methods for facilitating learning.
 Key to learning
 Curriculum is concerned with the process, not,
the product; personal needs, not subject matter;
psychological meaning, not cognitive scores.
Carl Rogers
 Curriculum Foundations

2. Sociology and Anthropology

Relates to the study of life that imparts knowledge about society,
culture, and content for the curriculum and inputs to curricular
content. (Sowel 1996).

Jhon Dewey (1959- 1952) – schools and civil society

Alvin Toffler, author of Future Shock- knowledge to prepare
students for the future
 Curriculum Foundations
3. Philosophy
- which is about the nature and value of knowledge , puts
forward the framework organizing schools and classrooms,
tasks, goal, and content, and the teaching and learning
processes. (Ornstein & Hunkins, 1993)
- Education as a way of life- is one of the hallmarks of the
philosophical foundations in framing a curriculum. (Jhon
Dewey, 1916).
 Educational Philosophies (Ornstein & Hunkins
(2004)
Perennialism
Aim: To educate the rational person; cultivate intellect.
Role: Teachers assist students to think with reason.
Focus: Classical subjects, literary analysis. Curriculum is
enduring
Trends: use of great books.
 Educational Philosophies (Ornstein & Hunkins
(2004)
Essentialism
Aim: To promote intellectual growth of learners to become
competent.
Role: Teachers are sole authorities in the subject area.
Focus: Essential skills of 3 R’s; essential subjects.
Trends: Back to basics, Excellence in education, cultural
literacy.
 Educational Philosophies (Ornstein & Hunkins
(2004)
Progressivism
Aim: Promote democratic social living.
Role: Teachers leads for growth and development of lifelong learners.
Focus: Interdisciplinary subjects, Learner-centered. Outcomes-based.
Trends: Equal opportunities for all, Contextualized curriculum,
Humanistic education
 Educational Philosophies (Ornstein & Hunkins
(2004)
Reconstructionism
Aim: To improve and reconstruct society, Education for change.
Role: Teacher acts as agent of change and reforms
Focus: Present and future educational landscape
Trends: School and curricular reform, Global education,
Collaboration and Convergence, Standards and Competencies.
 Curriculum Foundations

3. Historical Influences
- on the curriculum refer to the particular periods in our
history that led to the changes in the purposes, principles,
and content of the curriculum through time.
Foreign impressions and some curriculum
theorists discussed by Bilbao et al. (2015)

• Hollis Caswell (1901-1989)- on experiences centered on the

social functions and learner’s interest;
• Ralph Tyler (1902- 1994)- considers that curriculum is a
science and manifests the philosophy of the educational
system, biased towards producing generalists rather than
specialists;
Foreign impressions and some curriculum
theorists discussed by Bilbao et al. (2015)

• Hilda Taba (1902-1967)- presents the theoretical and

pedagogical foundations of concept development and critical
thinking in social studies; and
• Peter Olivia (1992- 2012)- curriculum changes emphasizes
cooperative behavior, with teachers and curriculum
specialists as core planners.
 Activity!

Choose one foundation of curriculum. Explain

and describe its influence to the curriculum
development.